This study was aimed at finding the impacts of different tree species and individual trees of different sizes on species richness, diversity, and composition of the herbaceous layer. All the three tree species have greatly increased species richness and diversity both within and outside their crown zones compared with the open grassland. Both species richness and diversity were found to be high...

Extended multi bottom-up tree transducers are de ned and investigated. They are an extension of multi bottom-up tree transducers by arbitrary, not just shallow, left-hand sides of rules; this includes rules that do not consume input. It is shown that such transducers can compute all transformations that are computed by linear extended top-down tree transducers (which are a theoretical model for...

In this survey, several model of tree transducers are investigated with respect to properties that are relevant in machine translation. These properties include: suitable expressiveness, symmetry, preservation of regularity, and closure under composition. For three tree transducer models, top-down tree transducers, extended top-down tree transducers, and extended multi bottom-up tree transducer...

Question: Are contemporary herb and tree patterns explained by historic land use practices? If so, are observed vegetation patterns associated with lifehistory characteristics, soil properties, or other environmental variables? Location: Southeastern Ohio, USA. Methods: Using archival records, currently forested sites were identified with distinct land use histories: cultivated, pasture (but no...

Plants of the family Anacardiaceae have a long history of use by various peoples for medicinal and other purposes. Cotinus coggygria, also known as the “smoke tree”, is one of the two species constituting a small genus of the family Anacardiaceae, viz., C. coggygria Scop. (syn.: Rhus cotinus L.) The Iranian smoke tree, plant material air-dried C. coggygria we...

The study included about 1,500 half-siblings, 4 to 12 years old, of 21 P. ponderosa that were selected primarily on the basis of monoterpene composition. Three of the ecotypic regions (monoterpene races) of P. ponderosa were represented, and results were based on 25 to 200 siblings per parent. Composition of individual trees of a set of half-siblings usually varied greatly in two or more major ...

Rates of change in tree communities following major disturbances are determined by a complex set of interactions between local site factors, landscape history and structure, regional species pools and species life histories. Our analysis focuses on vegetation change following abandonment of agricultural fields or pastures, as this is the most extensive form of major disturbance in Neotropical f...

Abstract In the present study a specific and comprehensive analysis of arboreal flora Ilha Grande, located in municipality Angra dos Reis, on southern coast state Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is presented. Unpublished data contributions from studies already carried out at site that investigated issues related to composition richness tree species, degree threat, endemism history occupation and/or cha...