Excess exposure of skin to ultraviolet B (UVB) results in the appearance of so-called sunburn cells. Although it has been demonstrated that sunburn cells represent apoptotic keratinocytes, the molecular mechanisms for UVB-induced apoptosis in keratinocytes have not been fully elucidated. The cytokine, TNF-alpha, has been shown to induce apoptosis in a variety of cell types. Since UVB induces ke...

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a major pro-inflammatory cytokine produced in response to toll-like receptor stimulation. TNF-α release is controlled by the activity of TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE) that cut membrane-bound TNF-α to shed its ectodomain as a soluble cytokine. The purinergic receptor P2X ligand-gated ion channel 7 (P2X7) is activated in response to elevated concentrations of ext...

Expression and function of the antigen T cell receptor (TCR) play a central role in regulating immune responsiveness. Accordingly, targeting the expression of TCR or its associated CD3 subunits profoundly influences T cell development and adaptive immunity. Down-regulation of the invariant TCR chain has been documented in a wide variety of chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases, and is th...

The contribution of osteoclasts to the process of bone loss in inflammatory arthritis has recently been demonstrated. Studies in osteoclast biology have led to the identification of factors responsible for the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts, the most important of which is the receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand/osteoclast differentiation factor (RANKL/ODF), a tumor necrosis f...

The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and/or interleukin-1 (IL-1) activity mediates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced bone resorption in vivo. To test this hypothesis, Escherichia coli LPS or Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS was injected into the subcutaneous tissues overlying mouse calvariae. Histological sections, prepared from the center of the l...

Objective This research was designed to induce an experimental varicocele model by a simple surgery in dog with minimum invasion and to investigate the expression of many genes (HSP90, HSP70, IL-4, TNF, KITLG and KIT receptor) involved in the varicocele-induced infertility. MaterialsAndMethods In this completely randomized design study, 6 adult dogs were used for this experiment. In one testis ...

Acute lung injury after hemorrhagic shock (HS) is associated with the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in the lung. However, the role of TNF-alpha and its receptors in this pulmonary disorder remains obscure. This study examined the temporal relationship of pulmonary TNF-alpha production to neutrophil accumulation during HS and determined the role of TNF-alpha in neutrophil accum...

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) acts as a potent enhancer of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)- and interleukin-3 (IL-3)-induced human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) growth in vitro. We have analyzed the effects of TNF alpha on the expression of GM-CSF and IL-3 receptors on AML cells. Incubation of blasts from seven patients with AML in serum-free medium with TNF (10(3) U/mL) ...

  Objective(s): Neuroinflammation in Parkinson disease (PD) is associated with glial cells activation and production of different inflammatory cytokines. In this study, we investigated the effect of chronic administration of 8-OH-DPAT on 6-OHDA-induced catalepsy and levels of inflammatory cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).   Materials and Methods: Catalepsy was induced by un...