This paper describes the design of an observer for use in a distributed parameter control system which is used to regulate the surface temperature profile of a tool or die being manufactured by sprayforming. The observer design is complicated by the time varying obscuration of the surface from the sensor caused by the equipment performing the spraying. Three potential observer designs are prese...

The use of IT to support global processes has opened up opportunities for some countries to source skills from other countries often located in very different parts of the world. This study investigates the relationship between ICT Capacity and Skills and their effects on Economic Development from 2001 to 2005 for each of the 183 countries that are members of the United Nations. Following an an...

An old question of T. Jech and K. Prikry asks if an existence of a precipitous ideal implies necessary existence of a normal precipitous ideal. The aim of the paper is to prove some results in the positive direction. Thus, it is shown that under some mild assumptions, an existence of a precipitous ideal over א1 implies an existence of a normal precipitous ideal over א1 once a Cohen subset is ad...

We review the impact of global helioseismology on key questions concerning the internal structure and dynamics of the Sun, and consider the exciting challenges the field faces as it enters a fourth decade of science exploitation. We do so with an eye on the past, looking at the perspectives global helioseismology offered in its earlier phases, in particular the mid-to-late 1970s and the 1980s. ...

Background: The Singh index is an inexpensive simple method to evaluate bone density, commonly used to assess osteoporosis is based on the radiological appearance of the trabecular bone structure of the proximal femur on a plain antero-posterior (AP) radiograph. The purpose of this study was to compare between Singh index and bone mineral density measurement using dual energy X-ray abs...