Previous studies indicated that surface wind speed over China declined during past decades, and several explanations exist in the literature. This study presents long-term (1960–2009) changes of both surface and upper-air wind speeds over China and addresses observed evidence to interpret these changes. It is found that surface wind over China underwent a three-phase change over the past 50 yr:...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Artemisia halodendron is a native sub-shrub that occurs mainly in moving and semi-fixed sandy lands in Inner Mongolia, China. Information on the spatial patterns of wind-dispersed seed deposition and seedling recruitment of A. halodendron inhabiting moving sandy lands is very limited. The aim of this study was to examine wind-dispersed seed deposition patterns and post-dispe...

metric (mapping evapotranspiration at high resolution with internalized calibration) is known as an appropriate surface energy balance model for the estimation of the spatial distribution of evapotranspiration (et) in semi-arid regions. based on lysimeter measurements, metric has shown et estimates of 10% on a sub-field scale on a daily basis. there is a need to identify how the model is sensit...

Several scientific programs, including the Mediterranean Forecasting System Toward Environmental Predictions (MFSTEP project), request high space and time resolutions of surface wind speed and direction. The purpose of this paper is to focus on surface wind improvements over the global Mediterranean Sea, based on the blending near 5 real time remotely sensed wind observations and ECMWF wind ana...

With the extensive and worldwide increase of the market share of wind energy, the optimal operation of wind farms gains an ever growing significance. The planning and scheduling of maintenance operations is both decisive for turbine availability and a key component of the operational costs. This paper introduces a formal model of wind farm maintenance, and proposes a mixed-integer programming f...

in this paper, the 10-minutes period measured wind speed data at different heights (10 m, 30 m, and 40 m) are presented for khvaf, which is one of the major counties with high wind potential in khorasan provinces in iran. to the author’s knowledge, there hasn’t been any assessment works in the mentioned site. from the primary evaluation and by determining mean wind speed and also the weibull fu...

Ocean wave simulation has a wide range of applications in movies, video games and training systems. Wind force is the main energy resource for generating ocean waves, which are the result of the interaction between wind and the ocean surface. While numerous methods to handle simulating oceans and other fluid phenomena have undergone rapid development during the past years in the field of comput...

The sea is rarely level. Its surface is perturbed in many ways over contrasting spatial and temporal scales. The wind ruffles the surface of the water generating waves, which travel across the oceans as swell. Groups of waves propagating from one storm interact with wind waves and swell from other directions generated by other storms, and account for the irregular surf where they meet the shore...