toury (1978:200) believes that translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural traditions. being polite while asking for something takes place differently in different cultures and languages, therefore various strategies may be applied for making requests and also translation of them in order not to disturb or threaten the face or better to sa...

Abstract. The paper’s aim is to establish the foundations, principles and process of the knowledge-based mechanism of the Statistical Center of Iran. To reach this aim, the path is systemic cognition based on pattern, strategy and thinking. Understanding the basic concepts of knowledge and the ways to achieve knowledge system and knowledge maps is according to the eight research questions. Ther...