The main purpose of the study reported in this paper was to examine the interrelationships between L2 risk-taking, English learning motivation, L2 speaking anxiety, linguistic confidence, and low-proficiency English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ speaking complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF). A secondary purpose was to test whether task repetition can influence the level of the mentio...

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The present study aims at the description and analysis of the phonological and lexical development of a child who is acquiring Farsi as his first language. The child's language production at the holophrastic stage of language development, mainly single words, is observed and recorded  longitudinally for nearly seven  months since he was 16 months old until he turned 23 months. An attempt is mad...

The consolidation of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) in universities has led to significant changes in student training. This paper, part of a Teaching Innovation Project, starts from new training requirements that are fit within Undergraduate Thesis Project, a subject that culminate student learning. Undergraduate Thesis Project is current assessment system that weigh the student acq...

the present study investigated learners’ interlanguage pragmatic development through analysis of 99 requestive emails addressed to a faculty member over a period of up to two years. most previous studies mainly investigated how non-native english speaking students’ (nness) pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic competence differed from native english speaking students (ness) and compared learners ...

This paper describes the development and normalization of a computerized word recognition test for speakers of the Russian language: the Russian Picture Identification Task (RPIT). The test uses a picture-pointing response, in which a patient selects, on a computer screen, a picture corresponding to a target word from a foil of four rhyming alternatives. The auditory portion of the test is reco...

Utterances of five infants with their parents were recorded every month from their birth until 30 to 60 months old to investigate spoken language development from the viewpoint of acoustic characteristics. Recording time was at least one hour per month. An infant speech database is now being developed from the recordings. Each entry of the database contains a speech file of an utterance and its...

Pattern of gaze to a speaking face was examined in typically developing children ranging from 5-10 years of age and in adults. Children viewed the speaking face in a visual only (speechreading) condition, in the presence of auditory noise and in an audiovisual mismatch (McGurk) condition. Amount of gaze to the face and fixation on the mouth of the speaker were examined over the course of a tria...

This paper surveys management and policy issues concerning the development of electronic commerce in Spanish-speaking Latin America. The region has the world’s fastest growth rate of Internet connectivity, and firms in several countries are positioning themselves to quickly take advantage of electronic commerce. Presently, electronic commerce capability is concentrated among export-oriented fir...

speaking is one of the most important skills to be developed and enhanced as means of effective communication. speaking skill is regarded one of the most difficult aspects of language learning. many language learners find it difficult to express themselves in spoken language. they are generally facing problems to use the foreign language to express their thoughts effectively. they stop talking ...