Specific immunity refers to the ability of human body resist infection obtained by acquiring infection. It is generally formed after microbial and other antigenic material stimulation activation lymphocyte production immunoglobin typical this process. If specific immune response not correctly triggered, some neoplastic diseases (such as cancer) may develop tumor cell can escape response. wrongl...

Somatic cell hybrids derived from fusion of GM637, a human cell line transformed by simian virus 40, and mouse B82 cells were examined for simian virus 40 T antigen, V antigen, and viral DNA. All hybrid cell lines that contained viral DNA were T-antigen positive. Cells that did not have viral DNA were T-antigen negative. We determined that there is a single viral insertion in these hybrid cells...

Abstract CAR-T cell therapy is a promising new immunotherapy for number of difficult-to-treat cancers, however, it has yet to yield broad success in glioblastoma (GBM). In particular, tumor heterogeneity presents major therapeutic challenge, and detailed understanding the complex interplay between different neoplastic, non-neoplastic, cells critical developing better treatments. Using patient-d...

High-throughput immunoglobulin sequencing promises new insights into the somatic hypermutation and antigen-driven selection processes that underlie B-cell affinity maturation and adaptive immunity. The ability to estimate positive and negative selection from these sequence data has broad applications not only for understanding the immune response to pathogens, but is also critical to determinin...

The antigen binding site of IgG immunoglobulins consists of two separate peptide domains,VH and VL. This part of combined domains contains three loops in each and it provides unique structure to distinguish antigens. The unique sequences encode the antigen binding site are determined by recombination of V region genes in both VH and VL during the differentiation of B−lymphocyte and successive s...

The structural and functional significance of somatic insertions and deletions in antibody chains is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that a naturally occurring three-amino-acid insertion within the influenza virus-specific human monoclonal antibody 2D1 heavy-chain variable region reconfigures the antibody-combining site and contributes to its high potency against the 1918 and 2009 pandemic H1N1 i...

The germinal center (GC) is an anatomic compartment found in peripheral lymphoid organs, wherein B cells undergo clonal expansion, somatic mutation, switch recombination, and reactivate immunoglobulin gene V(D)J recombination. As a result of somatic mutation, some GC B cells develop higher affinity antibodies, whereas others suffer mutations that decrease affinity, and still others may become s...

To assess the impact of the germinal center (GC) reaction on viral spread in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, we isolated EBV(+) GC B cells from the tonsils of two infectious mononucleosis patients, sequenced their rearranged V genes, and determined expression of the EBV latency genes EBV nuclear antigen 2 and latent membrane protein 1. Most EBV(+) GC B cells belonged to clones of cells harb...

An Escherichia coli hybrid, F1061, expressing Salmonella typhi somatic antigens 9 and 12, and a derivative of this hybrid, E. coli hybrid WR3078, expressing the S. typhi Vi antigen in addition to somatic antigens 9 and 12, were compared with S. typhi Ty2 in experiments to test their ability, as live vaccines, to protect Swiss white mice against death from challenge with a mouse-virulent Salmone...