The topic I’d like to talk to you about today is, I think, one of the oldest and most basic in cognition: how we learn from examples. As most famously pointed out by Hume, when we make a finite number of observations of an enduring phenomenon, there is no strictly logical (i.e., deductive) basis for forming any firm generalizations about it. Instead we must “induce,” that is, make educated gues...

The more that biologists study symbiotic microorganisms and their vast influence on animals, the more nature's networkism unfolds in a continuum at different biological scales. In this issue, Van Leuven et al. illuminate how a stable and longstanding animal-microbe mutualism increased its intergenomic network without gaining any new genomes.

The concept of Swarm Intelligence (SI) was first introduced by Gerardo Beni, Suzanne Hackwood, and Jing Wang in 1989 when they were investigating the properties of simulated, self-organizing agents in the framework of cellular robotic systems [Beni89]. Eric Bonabeau, Marco Dorigo, and Guy Theraulaz extend the restrictive context of this early work to include “any attempt to design algorithms or...

The adaptation to a parasitic lifestyle typically precipitates a number of profound changes to various levels of biological organization, including cell structure, genetics and genomics, metabolism, and biochemistry. These changes can lead to a seemingly paradoxical mixture of characteristics: on one hand, parasites may evolve extremely complex and sophisticated mechanisms to invade their host ...

In this paper two different rateless transmissionschemes are developed. In the proposed scheme, relay node candecode and forward the message to the destination if they areable to decode it, or amplify and forward the message to thedestination. Based on the analysis and simulation resultsprovided in this paper, the proposed method has bettertransmission time than the scheme which only the relay ...