Seamless integration of biological components with electrochemical sensors is critical in the development of microdevices for cell analysis. The present paper describes the integration miniature Au electrodes next to immune cells (macrophages) in order to detect cell-secreted hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). Photopatterning of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels was used to both immobilize horse...

A reference-independent measure of potential is helpful for studying the multichannel EEG. The potentials integrated over the surface of the body is a constant, i.e. inactive across time, regardless of the activity and distribution of brain electric sources. Therefore, the average reference, the mean of all recording channels at each time point, may be used to approximate an inactive reference....

OBJECTIVES The aim of this article is to introduce an electrical bioimpedance device that uses an old and little-known impedance measuring technique to study the impedance of the meridian and nonmeridian tissue segments. DESIGN Three (3) pilot experimental studies involving both a tissue phantom (a cucumber) and 3 human subjects were performed using this BIRD-I (Bioimpedance Research Device) ...

We have previously reported a local redox cycling-based electrochemical (LRC-EC) system for the incorporation of many electrochemical sensors into a small chip device. In the present study, a new type of LRC-EC chip device was fabricated for the detection of a droplet array. To detect electrochemically redox compounds in droplets, Pt pseudo-reference/counter electrodes were incorporated into th...

The ability to accurately measure separate in situ anode and cathode overpotentials and impedance responses is still a source of debate when investigating fuel cells of planar configuration containing < 100 μm thickness solid electrolytes and when using the common three electrode arrangement. The results obtained in this study indicate that the overpotentials and impedances of the anode and cat...

The pulsed polarization measurement technique using conventional thimble type lambda probes is suitable for low ppm NOx detection in exhaust gas applications. To evaluate the underlying sensor mechanism, the unknown influence of the reference atmosphere on the NO sensing behavior is investigated in this study. Besides answering questions with respect to the underlying principle, this investigat...