Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. Existing evidence suggests that preferences are affected by whether a price is presented as one all-inclusive expense or partitioned into a series of charges. ...

Uncertainty pervades most aspects of life. From selecting a new technology to choosing a career, decision makers rarely know in advance the exact outcomes of their decisions. Whereas the consequences of decisions in standard decision theory are explicitly described (the decision from description (DFD) paradigm), the consequences of decisions in the recent decision from experience (DFE) paradigm...

BACKGROUND Patient decision aids (PtDA) are developed to facilitate informed, value-based decisions about health. Research suggests that even when informed with necessary evidence and information, cognitive errors can prevent patients from choosing the option that is most congruent with their own values. We sought to utilize principles of behavioural economics to develop a computer application ...

Suppose two Matisse paintings with identical characteristics were put up for sale. However, one of the paintings had previously been sold in a “hot” market for a high price and the other had been sold in a “cold” market for a low price. Would the painting that previously sold in the “hot” market fetch a higher price at auction? Anchoring is one of the most powerful and well-established biases i...

The Generalized Born (GB) continuum solvent model is arguably the most widely used implicit solvent model in protein folding and protein structure prediction simulations; however, it still remains an open question on how well the model behaves in these large-scale simulations. The current study uses the beta-hairpin from C-terminus of protein G as an example to explore the folding free energy l...

(2015) On Bayesian problem-solving: helping Bayesians solve simple Bayesian word problems. Resolving the " Bayesian Paradox " —Bayesians Who Failed to Solve Bayesian Problems A well-supported conclusion a reader would draw from the vast amount of research on Bayesian inference could be distilled into one sentence: " People are profoundly Bayesians, but they fail to solve Bayesian word problems....

We are living in an uncertain and dynamically changing world. Under uncertainty, perception of outcome probabilities is an important factor for value-based decision-making and it is directly linked to the survival of species. However, evolutionary selection pressures shaping such behavioural traits received almost no empirical attention. Here, we demonstrate that fitness associated with differe...

Vitamin D deficiency in the world Low vitamin D level is an important international public health problem (1-3). Vitamin D deficiency and its consequences among children and adolescents could indeed be considered as one of the most important problems. In fact, low vitamin D levels were reported in both children (4), especially obese children (5), and adolescents. For example, in a study, 9.9% o...

Accurate earthquake source parameters such as fault mechanism, depth, and moment magnitude are not only important in seismic-hazard assessment, but also are crucial to studies of earthquake rupture processes and seismotectonics. Although large earthquakes (Mw 7+) may cause substantial damage, they occur less frequently. In contrast, moderate earthquakes (Mw 5.0–6.5) occur with much higher frequ...

Experience-based decisions can be defined as decisions emanating from direct or vicarious reinforcements that were received in the past. For example, in a typical setting a person initially faces blank buttons and needs to press any of them without prior information concerning the selection outcomes. Upon pressing a button the participant receives monetary outcomes (e.g., “you won $5”) and then...