Mucosal vaccines are thought to confer superior protection against mucosal infectious diseases. In addition, mucosal routes of vaccine delivery preferentially induce the generation of T helper 17 (Th17) cells, which produce the cytokine IL-17. Th17 cells are critical in mediating vaccine-induced immunity against several mucosal infectious diseases. However, IL-17 is also a potent proinflammator...

Mucosal surfaces are the first site of infection for most infectious diseases and oral vaccination can provide protection as line defense. Unlike systemic administration, immunization stimulate cellular humoral immune responses at both mucosal levels to induce broad-spectrum long-lasting immunity. Therefore, design a successful vaccine, it is essential well responses. Successful vaccines need o...

Introduction. Fecal calprotectin (FC) concentrations of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are much higher than those of healthy controls or patients with functional disorders or other gastrointestinal diseases. Thus FC is a good biomarker of gut inflammation in differential diagnosis of IBD as well as mucosal healing in monitoring of IBD in adults. There is shortage of data concer...

Vaccination is one of the most effective methods available to prevent infectious diseases. Mucosa, which are exposed to heavy loads of commensal and pathogenic microorganisms, are one of the first areas where infections are established, and therefore have frontline status in immunity, making mucosa ideal sites for vaccine application. Moreover, vaccination through the mucosal immune system coul...

Oral diseases are a prevalent global health problem that primarily characterized by microbial infections, inflammation, and destruction of oral tissues. Maintaining good is essential for high quality life, but the effective treatment regeneration lost dental tissues remain challenging. Hydrogels have emerged as promising biomaterials in modern medicine. Their three-dimensional network structure...