BACKGROUND Nearly 1300 cases of leishmaniasis have been identified in American military personnel deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan. The symptoms of this disease can range from a mild, self-limiting cutaneous infection to a deadly visceral infection and are not prevented by chemoprophylaxis or immunization. Effective treatments, however, are available. The disease-causing parasite is spread thro...

The both Atlantic side relations from the ancient time had been faced with too much challenge but the continuing of this relation is due to the common political and economical interests. The upper Atlantic and the two organizations (NATO, EU) still exist to gain the essential goals and the political and security connection which are boosting with the economical integration at the same time. But...

Geographers have expanded notions of the carceral, military and war far beyond conventional ideas prison, armed forces nation state conflict, thus situating spaces confinement, surveillance monitoring in deep histories violence. Nevertheless, we argue that renewed attention to these ‘conventional’ institutions reveals unanswered questions about prisons during after war, conversion bases, deploy...

corporations have a key role in economic development, growth of national security and financial competition. the key of power is in economy. so in the global village, the economic competition replaces military conflict. a new concept in criminal justice is corporate crime. these crimes as a kind of white collar crime are studied in light of critical criminology findings of this study shows that...

The year 2014 confronted European policy-makers with a qualitatively altered situation. For the first time in many years an interstate conflict in Europe – manifested as an inner-state conflict – is being resolved by military means. Persistent uncertainty and a growing potential for conflict are the new realities the European Union (EU) must face – in its eastern neighborhood as well as in the ...

The focus of this article addresses drug use and drug markets in Northern Ireland against the backdrop of the most recent Irish political conflict, e.g., 1969 to the present. Between 1969 and 1999, a total of 3289 individuals had died and more than 40 000 were injured as a result of the Northern Ireland political conflict. Extrapolating the data to Britain, comparable figures would reflect 111 ...

This paper analyzes the war in Nagorno-Karabakh between Armenia and Azerbaijan 2020, called Second War won by Azerbaijan. In addition to military analysis, research was also carried out on topic of political, economic security circumstances that preceded outbreak armed conflict, with special emphasis role key foreign policy actors, primarily Russia, Turkey Iran. Special attention paid position ...

We explore theoretical foundations and issues in the empirical estimation of conflict technologies. Such technologies are probabilistic choice functions that depend on the military capacities of adversaries, where the military capacities themselves depend on economic inputs via ordinary production functions. Different classes of functional forms can be derived stochastically or axiomatically. T...