Abstract Sustainability as a concept is tackled lot in contemporary urbanism due to its importance; consequently, this led the development of global trends toward achieving it. The current research attempts identify how sustainability could be achieved urban design and comply with concerns. This paper tackles experiences concepts terms application by examining range examples. It depends on comp...

The regenerative concept of design and construction is gaining relevance, as it changing the sustainability paradigm toward ecological transition for built environment, representing a track on which economic financial support policies are currently being routed. One ways to achieve use sustainable insulating materials in buildings. In addition, certification systems have been developed actualiz...

We present a combined experimental and theoretical study of the surface structure of single crystal Bi(100) via scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), low-energy electron diffraction intensity versus energy (LEED-IV) analysis and density functional theory (DFT). We find that the surface is unreconstructed and shows an unusually large oscillatory multilayer relaxation down to the sixth layer. This...

Combining high-resolution core-level spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy and density-functional theory calculations we reanalyze the Pd(1 0 0)–ð ffiffiffi 5 p ffiffiffi 5 p ÞR27 -O surface oxide phase. We find that the prevalent structural model, a rumpled PdO(0 0 1) film suggested by previous low energy electron diffraction (LEED) work [Surf. Sci. 494 (2001) L799], is incompatible with...

The experimental and theoretical surface band structures of Mo(112) are compared. This surface band structure mapping is presented with corrections included for the lattice relaxation of the Mo(112) surface. Quantitative low energy electron diffraction (LEED) has been used to determine the details of the Mo(112) surface structure. The first layer contraction is 14.9% by LEED intensity versus vo...

The oxidation of the W(100) surface at elevated temperatures has been studied using room temperature STM and LEED. High exposure of the clean surface to O2 at 1500 K followed by flash-annealing to 2300 K in UHV results in the formation of a novel p(3×1) reconstruction, which is imaged by STM as a missing-row structure on the surface. Upon further annealing in UHV, this surface develops a floret...

Sub-monolayer surface phases of Sr on Si(0 0 1) have been studied with low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and X-ray standing waves (XSW). A (3 · 1) phase was observed after depositing 0.6–0.8 ML Sr on room-temperature Si(0 0 1). Annealing at 750–800 C caused a portion of the Sr to desorb and resulted in a sharp (2 · 3) LEED pattern. Normal Si(0 0 4) and off-normal Si(0 2 2) and Si(1 1 1) XS...

We have used low-energy electron diffraction and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy to investigate the structure of the twofold surface of icosahedral Al-Pd-Mn. The regrowth of the surface by annealing after sputtering took place in two distinct stages. The first stage was the appearance of a fine-grained surface phase with icosahedral, or near-icosahedral, symmetry. For higher annealing temperat...

We propose the formation of LEED patterns using a highly convergent beam forming a probe of nanometer dimensions. A reflection rocking curve may then be recorded in many diffraction orders simultaneously. Multiple scattering calculations show that the intensity variations within these rocking curves is as sensitive to the parameters describing the surface dipole layer as conventional I/V scans....