Authors are requested to select key words from the following list. You may use plurals and adjectives for combinations like absolute pupillary response, centrifugal optic nerve, inter blobs, etc. If key words are needed which do not appear in this list, please underline them. For animal classification the Latin nomenclature should be used. p-mechanism A-scan a-wave aberration absolute absorptio...

Firms systematically lobby the U.S. Congress to in uence policy-making. To what extent do lobbying expenditures a ect the probability that a policy is enacted? What are the private returns from lobbying expenditures? To answer these questions, I construct a novel dataset comprised of federal energy legislation and lobbying activities by the energy sector during the 110th Congress (2007 2008). A...

Olson (1965) has argued that one way large groups overcome the free-rider problem is through by-product lobbying. The by-product firm sells a private good to potential members of the interest group and finances lobbying with its profits. It has been argued that by-product lobbying firms cannot survive competition with for-profit firms, since this would compete away monopoly rents, leaving the f...

We study interest groups’ decisions about the policy-making institution in which to press for policy change. Most research about lobbying activities focuses within a single institution (the legislature, the bureaucracy), but groups and lobbyists generally can choose from among multiple venues. Further, some important questions about organized interests and the policy process require studying lo...

One of the central concerns about American policy-making institutions is the degree to which political outcomes can be influenced by interested parties. While the literature on interest group strategies in particular institutions– legislative, administrative, and legal–is extensive, there is very little scholarship which examines how the interdependencies between institutions affects the strate...

We study three corporate non-market strategies designed to in‡uence the lobbying behavior of other special interest groups concerning environmental and/or health and safety issues: 1) “astroturf,” in which the ...rm covertly subsidizes a group with similar views to lobby when it normally would not, 2) the “bearhug,” in which the ...rm overtly subsidizes the lobbying activities of another intere...

In popular discussion much has been made recently of the susceptibility of government policies to lobbying by foreigners. The general presumption has also been that such interactions have a deleterious effect on the home economy. However, it can be argued that, in a trade policy context, bending policy in a direction that would suit foreigners may not in fact be harmful: If the policy outcome a...