OBJECTIVE To examine whether the pattern of brain activation induced by a motor task and the motor responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have prognostic implications for motor recovery after stroke. METHOD Ten patients with first-ever subcortical stroke (55.7±17.3 years, 5 ischemic and 5 hemorrhagic) underwent 2 FDG PET studies under different conditions (1: rest, 2: activation...

34 During behavioral quiescence, such as slow wave sleep and anesthesia, the neocortex is 35 in a deactivated state characterized by the presence of slow oscillations. During arousal, slow 36 oscillations are absent and the neocortex is in an activated state that greatly impacts information 37 processing. Neuromodulators acting in neocortex are believed to mediate these state changes, but 38 th...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To evaluate changes in cortical excitability induced by zonisamide (ZNS) in focal epilepsy patients. METHODS Twenty-four drug-naїve focal epilepsy patients (15 males; overall mean age 29.8 years) were enrolled. The transcranial magnetic stimulation parameters obtained using two Magstim 200 stimulators were the resting motor threshold, amplitude of the motor-evoked poten...

In patients with a functional (psychogenic) paresis, motor conduction tests are, by definition, normal. We investigated whether these patients exhibit an abnormal motor excitability. Four female patients with a functional paresis of the left upper extremity were studied using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We investigated motor thresholds, intracortical inhibition and intracortical fa...

"In vivo Brodmann mapping" or non-invasive cortical parcellation using MRI, especially by measuring cortical myelination, has recently become a popular research topic, though myeloarchitectonic cortical parcellation in humans previously languished in favor of cytoarchitecture. We review recent in vivo myelin mapping studies and discuss some of the different methods for estimating myelin content...

An in vivo model was used to determine whether bone hyperemia precedes increased intracortical porosity induced by disuse. Twenty-four adult male roosters (age 1 yr) were randomly assigned to intact-control, 7-days-sham-surgery, 7-days-disuse, and 14-days-disuse groups. Disuse was achieved by isolating the left ulna diaphysis from physical loading via parallel metaphyseal osteotomies. The right...

31 Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can provide an index of intracortical 32 excitability/inhibition balance. However, the neurochemical substrate of these measures remains 33 unclear. Pharmacological studies suggest the involvement of GABAA and GABAB receptors in 34 TMS protocols aimed at measuring intracortical inhibition, but this link remains inferential. 35 Proton magnetic resonance...

Synaptic properties of thalamic and intracortical inputs to layer 4 of the first-and higher-order cortical areas in the auditory and somatosensory systems. Number of text pages: 27 Number of figures: 8 Number of tables: 2 Running Head: Thalamic and intracortical inputs to cortical layer 4 The thalamus is an essential structure in the mammalian forebrain conveying information topographically fro...

Experience is required for the shaping and refinement of developing neural circuits during well defined periods of early postnatal development called critical periods. Many studies in the visual cortex have shown that intracortical GABAergic circuitry plays a crucial role in defining the time course of the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity. With the end of the critical period, neu...

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is the most common heritable cause of intellectual disability. In vitro electrophysiologic data from mouse models of FXS suggest that loss of fragile X mental retardation protein affects intracortical excitability and synaptic plasticity. Specifically, the cortex appears hyperexcitable, and use-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) of syn...