A meta-analysis of 128 studies examined the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. As predicted, engagement-contingent, completion-contingent, and performance-contingent rewards significantly undermined free-choice intrinsic motivation (d = -0.40, -0.36, and -0.28, respectively), as did all rewards, all tangible rewards, and all expected rewards. Engagement-contingent and complet...

introduction: the existence of standard tools is one of the basic needs of scientists of healthy behavior for predicting health-related behaviors. the aim of the present study was to design a psychometrically sound instrument to measure the protection motivation theory constructs regarding self-medication for elderly iranians. methods: the study was conducted in spring 2016. the sample consiste...

in the present scenario each and every industrial organization is surrounded by an unbrokenable mount known as competition. to subdue this arduous mount, organizations have to encourage the citizenship behavior among employees which enhance the success and effectiveness of an organization, because employees are often viewed as invaluable assets of organizations. as an evident of this, earlier s...

Although the deep reinforcement learning (DRL) technology has been widely adopted in various fields, it become an important research hotspot to study vulnerability of DRL for improving robustness agents. The adversarial attack methods based on white-box models, where adversary can access all information victims, have intensively investigated. However, most practical situations, cannot obtain in...