The resistance to hydrogen embrittlement is of essential importance for steels for vessels for storage of hydrocarbons and depends on the effect of absorbed hydrogen on steel ductility. API tests have shown for the 490 MPa yield stress HSLA steels with the microstructure of ferrite and cementite particles a much greater reduction of area than for the 350 MPa steel with the microstructure of pol...

Numerous apex locator studies have been performed. Generally, they use only stainless-steel hand files for testing purposes. Today many clinicians use both stainless-steel and nickel-titanium files during the treatment of a case. Given the widespread use of nickel-titanium files, a comparison of the accuracy in determining length with an apex locator using stainless-steel and nickel-titanium fi...

The fundamental topic in this document is the development of cracks in steel. For structures subjected to cyclic loads, such cracks can develop over time and ultimately reach the size at which some dramatic failure occur. While this problem is rare in structures made of “mild steel,” the use of “high tensile” steel changes that situation. It is straightforward to double the strength of mild ste...

Corrosion of steel reinforcement is the major cause of deterioration in concrete structures, and carbon dioxide and especially chlorides are the main causes of damage. The rate at which chloride ions diffuse through concrete is a major determinant of the durability of structures. If chloride ions reach the vicinity of the rebar, the passive film around the steel can start to break down and the ...