i Abstract A radar simulator for polarimetric radar variables including reflectivities at horizontal and vertical polarizations, the differential reflectivity and the specific differential phase, has been developed. This simulator serves as a testbed for developing and testing forward observation operators of polarimetric radar variables that are needed when directly assimilating these variable...

In this paper, the author analyzes liability for damage to property caused by hailstorms. Although a hailstorm is natural phenomenon, hail in certain situations does not represent casus sentit dominus. The Hydrometeorological Institute of Serbia (HIS RS) has exclusive authority perform suppression activities (by seeding hail-bearing clouds with silver iodide) order control growth and reduce hai...

A statistical methodology involving the analysis of three basic types of historical hail data on an areal approach is presented for the planning and evaluation of hail suppression experiments in Illinois. The methodology was used to generate nomograms relating the number of years required to detect significant results to 1) type I error, 2) type I1 error, and 3) power of the test for various st...

Severe-convective hailstorms are one of the most frequent weather hazards across United States. However, studies evaluating ability various environmental indices to differentiate lower-end severe hail (≤1.25 in, 32 mm) from significant (≥2.0 51 prior storm formation limited and typically overlap very little with microphysically based research. To bridge this gap, study builds a database 520 rep...

The operational deployment of the multi-radar, multi-sensor (MRMS) system has made available new products to use for hail detection. MRMS are provided on a spatial grid and can give information size extent distribution fall. This is important wide audience, including warning forecasters needing focus areas verification insurance users verify claim. Products typically verified evaluated using re...

This paper describes the results of an experiment that combines the data from a 5-cm-wavelength polarimetric radar and multiple-frequency wind profilers to examine the polarimetric signatures associated with the microphysical structure of several relatively shallow thunderstorms and also to examine quantitative rainfall measurements made with the polarimetric radar. These shallow storms produce...

Hail precipitation is characterized by enhanced spatial and temporal variability. Association Nationale d'Etude et de Lutte contre les Fléaux Atmosphériques (ANELFA) installed hailpad networks in the Atlantic and Midi-Pyrénées regions of France. Historical data of hail variables from 1990 to 2010 were used to characterize variability. A total of 443 stations with continuous records were chosen ...

Objective: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) reside clinically quiet and consequently undetected until an advanced stage is reached. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of CKD in a primary health care setting in Hail Region, KSA. Methodology: A multi-center cross sectional survey included 5000 Saudi selected from 30 primary health care centers (PHCs) in Hail Region....