background: there are nearly 1000 species of phlebotomine sand flies in 6 genera, of which only two, phlebotomus in the old world and lutzomyia in the new world are medically important. globally, leishmaniasis prevalent in 98 countries and affects estimated 12 million people with almost two million new cases per year. some rural areas of azarshahr district in east azarbaijan province have been ...

background: medicinal plant extracts such as those obtained from salvia species have a wide variety of chemical compounds in their essential oils. the repellency of a number of essential oils including those from the labiates like salvia against several insect species including the common house flies is reported. objective: the aim of this investigation was to find out the excito-repellency eff...

Two experiments were carried out to determine the effects of feeding grass silages differing in their water-soluble carbohydrate content, with or without red clover silage, on the efficiency of nutrient use. High-sugar grass, control grass, and red clover were ensiled in laboratory silos for use in an in vitro experiment (Exp. 1). For an in vivo experiment (Exp. 2), the same forage types were b...

BACKGROUND Grasses release the most widespread aeroallergens with considerable sensitization rates, while different species produce several pollen concentration peaks throughout the season. This study analyzed the prevalence of grass species in three different European city areas and compared the flowering period of these species with daily pollen concentrations and the symptom loads of grass p...

Adding greenery from public spaces to the co-digestion process with sewage sludge was evaluated by shredding experiments and laboratory-scale batch and continuous mesophilic anaerobic fermentation experiments. The ratio of the shredded grass with 20mm or less in length by a commercially available shredder was 93%. The methane production was around 0.2NL/gVS-grass in the batch experiment. The co...

Allergic rhinitis is one of the most common diseases of adult and pediatric age, associated with grass pollen (GP) allergy in >50% cases, with a consistent impact on quality of life of affected patients. A grass allergen tablet, containing standardized extract derived from Timothy grass (Phleum pratense) pollen and ~15 μg major allergen P. pratense (rPhl p 5), may be the future of allergen-spec...

BACKGROUND The use of wheat grass (Triticum aestivum) juice for treatment of various gastrointestinal and other conditions had been suggested by its proponents for more than 30 years, but was never clinically assessed in a controlled trial. A preliminary unpublished pilot study suggested efficacy of wheat grass juice in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS A randomized, double-bl...

In intensively cropped agricultural landscapes, the vegetation in edges and hedges (henceforth “field margins”) represents an important semi-natural habitat providing fundamental resources for insect pollinators. We surveyed pollinating insects associated with two mass-flowering crops, apple oilseed rape, compared fauna of main crop that field margins grass-dominated landscapes Ireland. Differe...