Maintaining glutamate at low extracellular concentrations in the central nervous system is necessary to protect neurons from excitotoxic injury and to ensure a high signal-to-noise ratio for glutamatergic synaptic transmission. We have used DL-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate (TBOA), an inhibitor of glutamate uptake, to determine the role of glutamate transporters in the regulation of extracellula...

glutamate has a key role in pain perception and also development of tolerance and dependence to morphine. it has been reported that clavulanic acid affects glutamatergic transmission via activation of glutamate transporter. therefore the present study was aimed to evaluate the possible antinociceptive effect of clavulanic acid and its preventive activity against development of morphine toleranc...

The mechanisms by which the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate is recycled at synapses are currently unknown. By examining the functional expression of plasma membrane transporters at presynaptic terminals, we aim to elucidate some of the mechanisms of glutamate recycling. Using whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings from rat calyx of Held presynaptic terminals, our data show, for the first tim...

PURPOSE To characterize glutamate uptake in the human retinal pigment epithelial (HRPE) cell line 165 and to determine the feasibility of using this cell line as an experimental model for glutamate transport studies. METHODS Confluent monolayers of the HRPE cells cultured in 35-mm petri dishes were used to study glutamate uptake with regard to its ion dependence, substrate specificity, and ki...

Abstract Glutamine transporters transport different amino acids for cell growth and metabolism. In tumor cells, glutamine are often highly expressed play a crucial role in their growth. By inhibiting the acid of these transporters, cancer cells can be inhibited. recent years, more attention has been paid to study transporter. this article, differences between ASC system transporter 2 (ASCT2), L...

Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate retina. Native glutamate transporters have been well characterized in several retinal neurons, particularly from the salamander retina. We have cloned five distinct glutamate transporters from the salamander retina and examined their localization and functional properties: sEAAT1, sEEAAT2A, sEAAT2B, sEAAT5A and sEAAT5B. sEAAT1...

The D-isomer of aspartate is both a substrate for glutamate transporters and an agonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. To monitor the behavior of these receptors and transporters in intact tissue we synthesized a new photo-labile analogue of D-aspartate, N-[(6-nitrocoumarin-7-yl)methyl]-D-aspartic acid (Ncm-D-aspartate). This compound was photolyzed rapidly (t(1/2)=0.11 micros) by UV...

BACKGROUND Pregabalin, (S)-3-aminomethyl-5-methyl hexanoic acid, is a ligand for the α2δ subunit (a component of voltage-gated calcium channels) and has analgesic and anticonvulsant properties. Glutamate uptake by glutamate transporters may be a mechanism for these properties. We investigated the effects of pregabalin on the activity of the neuronal glutamate transporter type 3 (EAAT3). METHO...

The glutamate/aspartate transporter GLAST-1 is expressed in bone in vivo and also exists as a splice variant (GLAST-1a) in which exon 3 is excluded. Since GLAST-1 expression is regulated in bone in response to osteogenic mechanical stimuli in vivo and binding of glutamate to receptors on osteoblasts increases osteoblast number and activity in vitro, control of extracellular glutamate concentrat...

BACKGROUND During cerebral ischemia, excess of glutamate release and dysfunction of its high affinity transport induce an accumulation of extracellular glutamate, which plays an important role in neuronal death. The authors studied the relationship among propofol neuroprotection, glutamate extracellular concentrations, and glutamate transporter activity in a model of ischemic cortical cell cult...