BACKGROUND Placebo effects on pain are reliably observed in the literature. A core mechanism of these effects is response expectancies. Response expectancies can be formed by instructions, prior experiences and observation of others. Whether mental imagery of a response can also induce placebo-like expectancy effects on pain has not yet been studied systematically. METHODS In Study 1, 80 heal...

Chronometric and imaging studies have shown that motor imagery is used implicitly during mental rotation tasks in which subjects for example judge the laterality of human hand pictures at various orientations. Since explicit motor imagery is known to activate the sensorimotor areas of the cortex, mental rotation is expected to do similar if it involves a form of motor imagery. So far, functiona...

INTRODUCTION NOAA’s National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS) Biogeography Program conducts mapping, research, and monitoring of tropical coral reef ecosystems to support wise management of coastal marine resources (Monaco et al. 2001). A biogeographic approach is utilized to integrate information on the distribution and quality of habitats and associated reef fish to define species af...

in this investigation, the mercury content of different samples of persian gulf shrimp and fish, caspian sea fish and the samples of fish from bandar pahlavi lagoon, zarjoub river near rasht, zayandehroud river near esfahan, and karadj river near tehran were measured by flameless atomic absorption, cold vapor-technique, using standard addition method. the main purpose of this study was to inves...

haemato-biochemical studies in rainbow trout infected with saprolegnia were carried out under temperate climatic conditions of kashmir valley to find out the variation in blood parameters. the trial was carried out on 405 cultured rainbow trout fish ranging in length from 47.8 to 69.8 cm and in weight from 1300 to 1920 g. the same experiment was carried out on 2,70000.00 trout fish eggs from no...

While the use of motor imagery (the mental representation of an action without overt execution) during actual training sessions is usually recommended, experimental studies examining the effect of physical fatigue on subsequent motor imagery performance are sparse and yielded divergent findings. Here, we investigated whether physical fatigue occurring during an intense sport training session af...

According to cognitive theories, verbal processing attenuates emotional processing, whereas visual imagery enhances emotional processing and contributes to the maintenance of social anxiety. Individuals with social anxiety report negative mental images in social situations. However, the general ability of visual mental imagery of neutral scenes in individuals with social anxiety is still unclea...