Needle exchange programs exist in every major population area in the United States and in many other countries. Some operate legally under emergency health decrees issued by local departments of health, with the stated intention of risk reduction through the removal of used injection equipment from use by injection drug users. It is theorized that this results in a reduced transmission of human...

The difficulty to write successful 19x19 go programs lies not only in the combinatorial complexity of go but also in the complexity of designing a good evaluation function containing a lot of knowledge. Leaving these obstacles aside, this paper defines very-little-knowledge evaluation functions used by programs playing on very small boards. The evaluation functions are based on two mathematical...

background and purpose: studies have shown the advantages of e-cme programs. developing case-based e-cme activities, one of the popular formats of e-cme programs, is difficult and time consuming. in this article we describe our experience of performing instructional system design for creating case-based e-cme contents.  methods: we performed a five-step instructional system design (i.e. system ...

Bottom-up evaluation of logic programs can be seen as an implementation of memoization. Memoization helps detect loops, avoid repeated computation when subgoals are generated repeatedly, and in conjunction with a fair search strategy, as in bottom-up evaluation, ensures that evaluation is complete. Programs that generate non-ground facts (i.e., facts containing universally quantiied variables) ...

Ullman ([Ull89a, Ull89b]) has shown that for the evaluation of safe Datalog programs, bottomup evaluation using Magic Sets optimization has time complexity less than or equal to a particular top-down strategy, Queue-based Rule Goal Tree (QRGT) evaluation. This result has sometimes been incorrectly interpreted to mean that bottom-up evaluation beats top-down evaluation for evaluating Datalog pro...

Memoization, such as that performed by bottom-up evaluation, helps detect loops, avoid repeated computation when subgoals are generated repeatedly, and in conjunction with a fair search strategy, ensures that evaluation is complete. Programs that generate non-ground facts (i.e., facts containing universally quantiied variables) and also need memoization are important in several contexts. Curren...