Epsilon toxin (Etx) is a β-pore-forming toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens toxinotypes B and D and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of enterotoxemia, a severe, often fatal disease of ruminants that causes significant economic losses to the farming industry worldwide. This study aimed to determine the potential of a site-directed mutant of Etx (Y30A-Y196A) to be exploited as a recombi...

Enterotoxaemia, an economically important disease of sheep, goats and calves, is caused by systemic effects of the epsilon toxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium perfringens type D. The only practical means of controlling the occurrence of enterotoxaemia is to immunise animals by vaccination. The vaccine is prepared by deriving a toxoid from the bacterial culture filtrate and the...

The present investigation was conducted to study the effects of experimental Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxaemia in teddy goats. Clinical signs started to appear after 30 min of experimental infection like anorexia, diarrhea, dehydration, frothing and dyspnea. Gross lesions consisted of severe congestion in tissues of varying intensity with enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes while histol...

Using the notion of “belongingness ($epsilon$)” and “quasi-coincidence (q)” of fuzzy points with fuzzy sets, we introduce the concept of an ($ alpha, beta$)- fuzzyHv-ideal of an Hv-ring, where , are any two of {$epsilon$, q,$epsilon$ $vee$ q, $epsilon$ $wedge$ q} with $ alpha$ $neq$ $epsilon$ $wedge$ q. Since the concept of ($epsilon$, $epsilon$ $vee$ q)-fuzzy Hv-ideals is an important and ...

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements found in the majority of prokaryotes. They encode toxin proteins that interfere with vital cellular functions and are counteracted by antitoxins. Dependent on the chemical nature of the antitoxins (protein or RNA) and how they control the activity of the toxin, TA systems are currently divided into six different types. Genes comprising the...

There are currently three oral medications approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). Two of these medications, Fingolimod, and Teriflunomide, are considered to be anti-inflammatory agents, while dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is thought to trigger a robust antioxidant response, protecting vulnerable cells during an MS attack. We previously proposed that epsilon toxin from the gut bacteriu...

the aim of this paper is to introduce the notions of ($epsilon, epsilon vee q$)-fuzzy p-ideals, ($epsilon, epsilon vee q$)-fuzzy q-ideals and ($epsilon, epsilon vee q$)-fuzzy a-ideals in bcialgebras and to investigate some of their properties. several characterizationtheorems for these generalized fuzzy ideals are proved and the relationshipamong these generalized fuzzy ideals of bci-algebras i...

Background: Clostridium perfringens is known as the most widely distributed pathogenic microorganism in nature. It is an extremely important pathogen of human and domestic animals. In a commonly used classification scheme, C. perfringens is divided into five toxinotypes (A to E) based on the production of four major toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon, and iota). Enterotoxin is not usually used for C....