This article discusses disinformation in virtual communities. Freedom of speech and freedom expression are conditions for creating a democratic society. form is the creation healthy public sphere people's lives. The real that people free to voice their opinions without being dominated by other parties (structural or non-structural). In addition, convey ideas exchange regardless existence power ...

Misinformation and disinformation prevent citizens from making choices that are in their own best interests. While scientists have little influence over the content regulation of social media channels can encourage amplify mis- disinformation, there some interventions scientific community mitigate impacts such as communicating better how build trust research results encouraging critical thinkin...

While propaganda and disinformation have been used to destabilize opposing forces throughout history, the US military remains unprepared for way these methods adapted Internet era. This article explores modern history of campaigns current state readiness in face from near-peer competitors proposes education as best prepare servicemembers defend against such campaigns.

The affordances of social media potentially amplify the effects disinformation by offering possibility to present deceptive content and sources in credible native ways. We investigate two aspects related dissemination modality digital disinformation: (In)authentic references ordinary people as multimodal embedding content. Using a pre-registered experiment United States India (N = 1008), we fou...

A growing literature is emerging on the believability and spread of disinformation, such as fake news, over social networks. However, little known about degree to which malicious actors can use media covertly affect behavior with disinformation. lab-based randomized controlled experiment was conducted 233 undergraduate students investigate behavioral effects news. It found that even short (unde...