Cattle raiding, a longstanding practice among pastoralists in South Sudan, was historically governed by cultural authorities and ritual prohibitions. However, after decades of on-and-off integration into armed forces, raiders are now heavily armed, and military-style attacks claim dozens if not hundreds of lives at a time. Beginning with the emergence of the infamous Lou Nuer “White Army” in th...

The current field study uses data collected after the 2009 war between Israel and the Hamas militias in the Gaza Strip ended. The study compares recalled emotions and perceived risks among two groups of students, all of whom were exposed to rocket attacks. Individuals in the “left the war zone” group left the region under attack as a precautionary action, while the “stayed in the war zone” grou...

We grew up in a city named for water we could not drink.Our ancestors walked miles to finda home that would burn so easily,then stumbled on salt, which meant preservation.In 1996 Westbrook Elementarypast neighborhood dogs Loboand Lamanite music spilling from one-car garages,brass trumpeting the asphalt.When teacher gave us feathers wear Thanksgiving,I didn't know about Mountain Meadows Massacre...

Hardly a day passes without news about violent acts from the Niger Delta appearing on the headlines of local and international newspapers, or news broadcast media. Such reports vividly document incidents of violence—clashes between rival armed groups, and between militias and government troops, killings, sabotage of oil pipelines and installations, and a thriving transnational trade in stolen o...

It was the first election of the new century. The race had been tight and close. The incumbent party might not be able to hold the presidency, despite relative prosperity in the nation. For weeks and weeks, the nation waited without knowing who would be President. No candidate had a clear majority of the electoral votes. The Electoral College might have been designed to insure a smooth election...

The Lebanese civil war (1975-1990) is a product of its diverse participating factions. With more than a dozen political, religious, and social parties, the streets of Lebanon became flooded with contradicting political imageries, influencing public perception of the ‘other’ and inciting military action. Their unique role in Lebanon’s political atmosphere allows such graphics to transcend mere p...

Abstract In recent years, the relations between weak central governments and armed groups in periphery have attracted great attention. Rebels, warlords other actors not only undermined authorities' grip on power, but gradually come to shape nature of governance political system their countries. Warlordism, rebelocracies aliocracies are just a few systems identified by students conflict groups. ...