In Escherichia coli, low-molecular-mass penicillin-binding proteins (LMM PBPs) are important for correct cell morphogenesis. These enzymes display DD-carboxypeptidase and/or dd-endopeptidase activities associated with maturation and remodeling of peptidoglycan (PG). AmpH has been classified as an AmpH-type class C LMM PBP, a group closely related to AmpC β-lactamases. AmpH has been associated w...

We show that exposure from past business transactions – risk overhang – can reduce activity in related business lines, sometimes to the point where no new trade occurs. We focus primarily on the role of overhang in nonlife insurance market disruptions. Our model predicts that the relative impact, duration, and character of supply disruptions are related to the extent of overhang. These predicti...

The best upper bounds on the masses of stable and unstable light neutrinos derive from the upper bound on the total mass density, as inferred from the lower limit t0 > 13 Gyr on the dynamical age of the Universe: If the Universe is matterdominated, mν < 35(23)× max[1, (t0/τν) 1/2] eV, according as a cosmological constant is (is not) allowed. The best constraints on the radiative decay of light ...

Enabled by the Bayh-Dole Act (1980), universities license access to innovations protected by US patents. Despite the growing importance of license revenue to cashstrapped land-grant universities that generate a large share of agricultural innovations, there has been no formal attempt to determine an optimal pricing strategy for patent licenses. We recognize that patents are options on the strea...

Background: Recent studies have been conducted with the aim of improving fertility rates in FTAI programs beef females. The observation estrus expression constitutes an important indicator zebu Therefore, this work has as objective to evaluate impact on follicular, luteal and morphofunctional characteristics Nelore females synchronized for FTAI.Materials, Methods &amp; Results: Sixty five lacta...

BACKGROUND Two open-controlled studies evaluated the tolerance and the efficacy of a 10 mg/mL deltamethrin-based pour-on solution (Deltanil®; Virbac, France) in treating (study 1) and preventing (study 2) natural Damalinia equi infestations in horses. In study 1, seven adult horses received 10 mL of the solution from mane to tail head on day 0 (D0). Four adult horses, living separately, served ...

This paper investigates the choice of a licensing mechanism by the holder of a patent whose validity is uncertain. Focusing …rst on weak patents, i.e. patents that have a high probability of being invalidated by a court if challenged, we show that the patent holder …nds it optimal to use a per-unit royalty contract if the strategic e¤ect of an increase in a potential licensee’s unit cost on the...

a r t i c l e i n f o JEL classification: D21 D43 D44 D45 Keywords: Patent licensing Insider Asymmetric information Per unit royalty Ad valorem royalty We study an inside patent holder's optimal licensing policy when it has imperfect information about the value of the patent to its rival. The patent holder can choose any two-part licensing fee with either per unit or ad valorem royalties. We de...

Background Several autoimmune inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), are associated with increased risk of malignant lymphomas. There is also a longstanding concern lymphoma development tumour necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) treatment, but most studies in RA to date do not indicate an additionally risk. Corresponding psoriatic (PsA), both respect the underlying risks, and ...

Pulmonary infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic stem-cell transplantation (allo-SCT). Invasive aspergillosis is one of the major causes of pulmonary infection, but viruses are frequently involved, particularly human Cytomegalovirus (CMV). Because of impaired cellular immunity, the risk for pulmonary infections is greatest during the early post engraftment peri...