By performing magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) simulations, we investigate the mass loss of intermediateand low-mass stars from main sequence (MS) to red giant branch (RGB) phases. Alfvén waves, which are excited by the surface convections travel outwardly and dissipate by nonlinear processes to accelerate and heat the stellar winds. We dynamically treat these processes in open magnetic field region...

We perform direct numerical simulation of flow past the NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) 0012 airfoil with partially covered wavy roughness elements near leading edge. The Reynolds number Re c based on freestream velocity ( U 0 ) and chord length C), angle attack (AoA) is fixed, i.e., [Formula: see text]. edge are characterized by streamwise sinusoidal-wave geometry that unifo...

General Circulation Models (GCMs) have for decades exhibited difficulties in modelling the diurnal cycle of precipitation (DCP). This issue can be related to inappropriate representation processes controlling sub-diurnal phenomena like convection. In this study, 11 single-column versions GCMs are used investigate interactions between convection and environmental conditions, that control nocturn...

Land breeze is a type of mesoscale circulation developed due to thermal forcing over a heterogeneous landscape. It can contribute to atmospheric dynamic and hydrologic processes through affecting heat and water fluxes on the land-atmosphere interface and generating shallow convective precipitation. If the scale of the landscape heterogeneity is smaller than a certain size, however, the resultin...

Theoretical studies usually attribute convections to the developments of instabilities such as the static or symmetric instabilities of the basic flows. However, the following three facts make the validities of these basic theories unconvincing. First, it seems that in most cases the basic flow with balance property cannot exist as the exact solution, so one cannot formulate appropriate problem...

The western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) is closely related to Asian climate. Previous examination of changes in the WPSH found a westward extension since the late 1970s, which has contributed to the interdecadal transition of East Asian climate. The reason for the westward extension is unknown, however. The present study suggests that this significant change of WPSH is partly due to the atm...

We present a thermodynamic theory of weakly excited two-dimensional granular systems from the view point of elementary excitations of spinless Fermion systems. We introduce a global temperature T that is associated with the acceleration amplitude Γ in a vibrating bed. We show that the configurational statistics of weakly excited granular materials in a vibrating bed obey the Fermi statistics. P...

•High concentration of black carbon (BC) can trigger a tipping point PBL development•With aerosol load above the point, maximum height decreases abruptly•The is caused by BC-induced decoupling vertical mixing zones•Reducing BC much more efficient to avoid than reducing other aerosols Air pollution major threat human health. Severe haze often an unexpected extremely shallow planetary boundary la...