Few studies consider fertility variations on a detailed spatial scale. By considering both the intensity (the number of children born) and timing age mother when she gives birth), analysis presented here provides an overview reproductive trends in Brussels. As individual factors such as income level influence patterns, geography these patterns points to major intra-urban socio-spatial contrasts...

Omissions figure prominently in causal reasoning from diagnosis to ascriptions of negligence. One philosophical proposal posits that omissions are accompanied by a contrasting alternative that describes a case of orthodox (nonomissive) causation (Schaffer, 2005; Bernstein, 2014). A psychological hypothesis can be drawn from this contrast view of omissions: by default, humans should interpret om...

Visual robot navigation in outdoor environments would benefit from an illumination-independent representation of images. We explore how such a representation, comprising a black skyline of objects in front of a white sky, can be obtained from dual-channel spectral contrast measures. Light from sky and natural objects under different conditions of illumination was analyzed by five spectral chann...