Optimization of systems with many connicting constraints arises in numerous settings. Common optimization procedures seek to improve performance of the system as a whole. We show that partitioning a system into subsystems each of which sellshly optimizes, can lead to enhanced performance as a collective property. Optimally partitioned systems often lie near a transition from convergent to non-c...

The free electromagnetic field, solution of Maxwell's equations and carrier of energy, momentum and spin, is construed as an emergent collective property of an ensemble of photons, and with this, the consistency of an interpretation that considers that the photons, and not the electromagnetic fields, are the primary ontology is established.

This paper discusses some consequences of the discovery that antigen receptors are degenerate: Immune specificity, in contrast to the tenets of the clonal selection paradigm, must be generated by the immune response down-stream of initial antigen recognition; and specificity is a property of a collective of cells and not of single clones.

In recent times researchers have initiated investigating emotion as a collective property of groups, emphasizing the influence of combined emotions among group members on group processes. Within groups humans recognize and react emotionally to expressions of emotions of other group members. This paper uses a multi-agent-based approach to formalize and simulate such emotion contagion within groups.

Background: In any society, values, collective and national interests have a special place. National legal systems, in the sense of public order in the nationalization of foreign investor property, support these high national values and interests against individual interests. Therefore, this research has been conducted with the aim of presenting the moral model of public order in the nationaliz...

The CAPRi Program is one of several Inter-Center Initiatives of the CGIAR and aims to promote comparative research on the role played by property and collective action institutions in shaping the efficiency, sustainability, and equity components of natural resource systems. CAPRi Working Papers contain preliminary material and research results, and are circulated prior to a full peer review in ...

Based on the theory of property rights and division labor, this paper constructs mechanism rural collective system reform to promote agricultural total factor productivity (TFP). And using PSM-DID analysis impact TFP. The results show that has improved This study is beneficial objectively evaluate effect right reform, great significance explore focus key path new round under background common p...