ASYMMETRY There exists a cross-linguistic asymmetry in availability of discourse items among adjunct clauses between because-clauses on one hand, and temporal clauses and if -clauses on the other (see examples (1) for English obviously , (2) for German ja and (3) for Japanese wa; see Hooper and Thompson 1973, Tenny 2002, Sawada and Larson 2004 among others for the same type of asymmetry with ot...

We consider the problem of Quantifier Elimination (QE): given a Boolean CNF formula F where some variables are existentially quantified, find a logically equivalent quantifier-free CNF formula. This problem can be solved by finding a set of clauses containing only free variables such that adding this set of clauses to F makes all of the clauses of F containing quantified variables redundant. To...

This paper argues that the word order of adverbials can be captured only when the causal clauses are analyzed as focus. Previous studies on Chinese causal sentences usually treat the causal clauses on a par with other types of adverbial clauses. This means that they are considered as topics and predicted to precede the main clauses. However, this account does not hold for the causal clauses. Ac...

This research aims to analyze the adjective and adverbial clauses in “The Secret Garden” by Frances Hodgson Burnett. The method used this is a content analysis which describes clause novel. Data are obtained, analyzed, described based on sentences relative pronoun's shows highest percentage of 130 or 86%, while adverbs show 22 14%. pronouns caused complex sentences, mostly describing someone th...

Counsel for a manufacturer of medical devices or durable medical equipment must have working knowledge of various legal disciplines to draft contracts with intermediaries (sales representatives and distributors) for the marketing and sale of the manufacturer's products. If the manufacturer wishes to sell its products abroad, counsel must become familiar with the laws and business practices of t...

MAXSAT solutions, i.e., near-satisfying assignments for propositional formulas, are sometimes meaningless for real-world problems because such formulas include “mandatory clauses” that must be all satisfied for the solution to be reasonable. In this paper, we introduce Partial MAXSAT and investigate how to solve it using local search algorithms. An instance of Partial MAXSAT consists of two for...

cognitive linguistics gives the most inclusive, consistent description of how language is organized, used and learned to date. cognitive linguistics contains a great number of concepts that are useful to second language learners.  if-clauses in english, on the other hand, remain intriguing for foreign language learners to struggle with, due to their intrinsic intricacies. efl grammar books are ...

In this paper, a new approach for clauses learning is proposed. By traversing the implication graph separately from x and ¬x, we derive a new class of biasserting clauses that can lead to a more compact implication graph. These new kinds of bi-asserting clauses are much shorter and tend to induce more implications than the classical bi-asserting clauses. Experimental results show that exploitin...

We consider secrecy problems for cryptographic protocols modeled using Horn clauses and present general classes of Horn clauses which can be efficiently decided. Besides simplifying the methods for the class of flat and onevariable clauses introduced for modeling of protocols with single blind copying [7,25], we also generalize this class by considering k-variable clauses instead of one-variabl...