Chlorine was first used to purify water in the United States almost 100 years ago (1). Since that time, the technique has been improved upon and its use expanded so that most water systems today are disinfected (1). In 1995, approximately 64 percent of community water systems (systems that provide water to the same people year-round) specifically added chlorine as a disinfectant, and the remain...

An inverter topology and control scheme has been developed that can drive low-inductance, surfacemounted permanent magnet motors over the wide constant power speed range required in electric vehicle applications. This new controller is called the dual-mode inverter control (DMIC) [1]. The DMIC can drive both the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) with sinusoidal back emf, and the brush...

AND YUEFENG F. XIE aloacetic acids (HAAs) and trihalomethanes (THMs) are the major disinfection by-products (DBPs) found in chlorinated drinking water. Nine species of HAAs are commonly found in chlorinated water: monochloroacetic acid (ClAA), monobromoacetic acid (BrAA), dichloroacetic acid (Cl2AA), bromochloroacetic acid (BrClAA), dibromoacetic acid (Br2AA), trichloroacetic acid (Cl3AA), brom...

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies have linked the consumption of chlorinated surface waters to an increased risk of two major causes of human mortality, colorectal and bladder cancer. Trihalomethanes (THMs) are by-products formed when chlorine is used to disinfect drinking water. The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of the THMs, trichloromethane (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BD...

This paper deals with the calculation of the efficiency for a Brushless DC Motor when used for traction applications in order to determine the optimum operating conditions which will meet EV requirements, particularly high speed efficiency. This usually involves the assessment of the drive losses: the inverter and the motor losses. In practice, the copper losses can be predominant at low speed,...

Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed when disinfectants (chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide, or chloramines) react with naturally occurring organic matter, anthropogenic contaminants, bromide, and iodide during the production of drinking water. Here we review 30 years of research on the occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of 85 DBPs, 11 of which are currently regulated by the U.S...

Indoor skin-contact surfaces of public fitness centers may serve as reservoirs of potential human transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We found a high prevalence of multi-drug resistant (MDR)-MRSA of CC59 lineage harboring a variety of extracellular toxin genes from surface swab samples collected from inanimate surfaces of fitness centers in Memphis metropolitan a...

association of waterborne chloroform in drinking water with low birth weight, prematurity, and intrauterine growth retardation (2). Animal studies have found possible relationships between oral exposure to various trihalomethanes and fetotoxicity and sperm abnormalities (3,4). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has published the Stage 1 Disinfectants–Disinfection By-products Rule to...

The behavioral toxicity of trichloromethane (TCM), dichlorobromomethane (DCBM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and tribromomethane (TBM) was evaluated following oral administration in mice. A variety of dosage regimens and behavioral measures were used. Studies included acute dose effect, 14-and 90-day treatments at 300 and 3000 times the estimated average human daily intake of contaminated drinki...

Ground water is sampled to assess its quality for a variety of purposes. Whatever the purpose, it can only be achieved if results are representative of actual site conditions and are interpreted in the context of those conditions. Substantial costs are incurred to obtain and analyze samples. Field costs for drilling, installing, and sampling monitoring wells and laboratory costs for analyzing s...