Electricity is paramount to the technical world and plays an increasingly important role as a future energy carrier. Yet, it not widely used directly power biological systems. Here, we designed new-to-nature electrobiological module, acid/aldehyde ATP cycle (AAA cycle), for direct conversion of electrical into ATP. The AAA contains minimum set enzymes does require membrane-based charge separati...

antimicrobial peptides (amps) are extensive group of molecules that produced by variety tissues of invertebrate, plants, and animal species which play an important role in their immunity response. amps have different classifications such as; biosynthetic machines, biological sources, biological functions, molecular properties, covalent bonding patterns, three dimensional structures, and molecul...

the adhesion molecules are involved in adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells and other immune cells. not only adhesion molecules have membrane form, but they also have soluble form. in this paper, we attempted to investigate the concen¬tration of soluble adhesion molecules in the type 1 diabetic patients (n = 40) and healthy subjects (n = 10). the results indicated that there was an incre...

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have evolved as promising new tools to deliver nucleic acids into cells. So far, the majority of these delivery systems require a covalent linkage between carrier and cargo. To exploit the higher flexibility of a non-covalent strategy, we focused on the characterisation of a novel carrier peptide termed MPGalpha, which spontaneously forms complexes with nucleic ...