Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were immobilized with one of the following drug combinations: ketamine/xylazine (n = 22), ketamine/promazine (n = 35), ketamine/midazolam (n = 13), or tiletamine/zolazepam (n = 22). Foxes given ketamine/xylazine had the shortest induction and longest recovery times relative to other drug combinations, whereas foxes given ketamine/midazolam had the longest induction tim...

Background: Ketamine disrupts the proliferation and differentiation of developing neural stem cells (NSCs). Therefore, safe use ketamine in pediatric anesthesia has been an issue increasing concern among anesthesiologists children's parents. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is widely used sedation as antianxiety agent for analgesia. DEX recently shown to provide neuroprotection against anesthetic-induced ...

The use of ketamine infusion for sedation/analgesia in patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy has not been described. The aims of this retrospective cohort study were to explore whether ketamine infusion for patients requiring ECMO therapy was associated with altered RASS scores, decreased concurrent sedative or opioid use, or with changes in vasopressor requireme...

The use of ketamine infusion for sedation/analgesia in patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy has not been described. The aims of this retrospective cohort study were to explore whether ketamine infusion for patients requiring ECMO therapy was associated with altered RASS scores, decreased concurrent sedative or opioid use, or with changes in vasopressor requireme...

In nearly 25 years of clinical experience, the benefits and limitations of ketamine analgesia and anaesthesia have generally been well-defined. The extensive review of White et al. and the cardiovascular review of Reves et al. are broad in their scope and have advanced the understanding of dissociative anaesthesia. Nevertheless, recent research continues to illuminate different aspects of ketam...

The mechanism by which racemic (R(+/-)) ketamine relaxes airway smooth muscle is unclear and there is no information on the differential effects of ketamine and its isomers. In this study, we have examined the spasmolytic effect of R(+/-) ketamine and its isomers S(+) and R(-) ketamine and the role of intracellular calcium and opioid receptors in R(+/-) ketamine-induced relaxation. The tension ...

BACKGROUND Results of previous studies of rectal ketamine as a pediatric premedication are clouded because of lack of dose-response relation, inappropriate time of assessing sedative effects, and previous administration or coadministration of benzodiazepines. Therefore, the authors reevaluated the efficacy of rectally administered ketamine in comparison with 1 mg/kg rectal midazolam. METHODS ...

REPLY: We would like to thank Wang et al. (3) for their interest in and comment on our article. Since the first report of ketamine cystitis by Shahani et al. (2) 10 years ago, the mechanism of this new urinary dysfunction is still a mystery. Ketamine is accumulated in urine, and urothelial ulceration is commonly observed in severe ketamine cystitis patients, which might be the major reason for ...

Cigarette smoking during the prenatal period has been investigated as a causative factor of obstetric abnormalities, which lead to cognitive and behavioural changes associated with schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to investigate behaviour and AChE activity in brain structures in adult rats exposed to cigarette smoke during the prenatal period. Pregnant rats were divided into non-PCSE (n...

Ketamine, a known antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartic (NMDA) glutamate receptors, had been used as an anesthetic particularly for pediatric or for cardiac patients. Unfortunately, ketamine has become an abusive drug in many parts of the world while chronic and prolonged usage led to damages of many organs including the brain. However, no studies on possible damages in the brains induced by chroni...