Section I of this Note analyzes the cases in which the Commission and the Court of Justice have implied a doctrine of economic unity and argues that this economic unity exemption to the prohibitions of article 85 may indeed be a limited one. Section II sets forth the theoretical and practical difficulties that such a limited economic unity doctrine entails. Finally, section III presents an alte...

On one interpretation, haecceitism is the doctrine that there are distinct possible worlds that are qualitatively just alike. On another interpretation, haecceitism is the doctrine that there are distinct possible worlds that are qualitatively just alike and also differ with respect to the de-re possibilities they represent for some individual— with respect, that is, to how they represent that ...

Many researchers – and their advisors on research method – adopt a doctrine called empiricism, which claims that researchers may only use empirical methods. This restrictive doctrine impoverishes any academic discipline where it is dominant. The main reason is that a discipline only qualifies for the status of a science after it has progressed beyond empirical generalisations to explanatory the...

Novelties: New species discovered in the expedition to the Foja mountains of New Guinea include an as yet unnamed Callulops frog (top), an unnamed Albericus frog (middle), and a new bird, the smoky honeyeater (bottom). Researchers believe the mountains hold many more as yet unidentified species. The first Nobel Prizes were awarded in 1901 with a legacy from Alfred Nobel, the discoverer of dynam...

Abstract Enric F. Gel has recently argued that classical theism enjoys a significant advantage over Graham Oppy's naturalism. According to Gel, – unlike naturalism satisfactorily answers two questions: first, how many first causes are there, and second, why is it number rather than another? In this article, I reply Gel's argument for theism's also draw out wider implications of my investigation...

Russell's rejection in 1898 of the doctrine of internal relations—the view that all relations are grounded in the intrinsic properties of the terms related—was a decisive part of his break with Hegelian-ism and opened the way for his turn to analytic philosophy. Before rejecting it, Russell had given the doctrine little thought, though it played an essential role in the most intractable of the ...

This Article analyzes the probabilistic and epistemological underpinnings of the burden of proof doctrine. We show that this doctrine is best understood as instructing factfinders to determine which of the parties’ conflicting stories makes most sense in terms of coherence, consilience, causality, and evidential coverage. By applying this method, factfinders should try—and will often succeed—to...

define, because compared to others it is both unique and contentious. Although the movement is relatively new it only became known in the West in 1970s it is firmly rooted in some of the world's oldest religions, philosophies and practices, including Hinduism, Wicca, Druidism, the worship of goddesses and nature, spiritism, spiritualism, Gnosticism, humanism, ancient Egyptian and Babylonian rel...