The concept of ant slavery rests on the untested assumption that slave-making ants impose fitness costs on colonies of the species they raid. We tested that assumption by comparing the summertime seasonal productivity of Leptothorax spp. colonies in field exclosures without slavemakers, with a colony of the obligatory slave-making ant Protomognathus americanus, or with a colony of the obligator...

Some species have disproportionate influence on assemblage structure, given their numbers or biomass. Most examples of such "strong interactors" come from small-scale experiments or from observations of the effects of invasive species. There is evidence that entire avian assemblages in open woodlands can be influenced strongly by individual species over very large areas in eastern Australia, wi...

raising the concept of ‘tyrany of the majority’ by federalists , alexi de tocqueville and john stuart mill in eighteenth and nineteenth centuries , they revealed a new form of tyrany which was uniqe for those who had experienced despotic regimes . with the critique of democracy baised on majority vote , the question of ethnic , religious and linguistic minorities , along with their rights and f...

The ability to create high-quality software artifacts that are usable over time is one of the essential requirements of the software business. In such a setting, open source software offers excellent opportunities for sustainability. In particular, safeguarding mechanisms against planned obsolescence by any single actor are built into the definition of open source. The most powerful of these me...

globalization and democracy have become the most debated issues throughout the world, which, no doubt also influence iran. this paper highlights these phenomena with respect to iran but takes up the issue through various description and features presented by the con-temporary socio- political thinkers and economists. considering globalization, although the subject matter is very recent but iran...

In 1942, Henry Sigerist questioned the idea that "the German way in public health was to enforce health through the police while the English way consisted in acting through education and persuasion".2 Contrasts of this kind have, however, remained commonplace throughout the twentieth century.3 In the 1950s, George Rosen sought to reframe the history of public health in order to understand how i...

The main objective of the paper is to use following terms Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson – Despotic, Real, Paper, Shackled Leviathans check evaluate state democracy, governance social power in Central Eastern European Countries (CECCs). Six states were included study: Poland, Czechia, Slovakia (before 1993 Czechoslovakia), Hungary, Romania Bulgaria. Based on a historical analysis, Leviathan ...