Fantastic Realism is a genre which remind us of Russia and its great writer Dostoevsky. This genre has been developed in Iran among Iranian writers who have been familiar with the books of world literature, especially Russian literature. Fantastic Realism employs and combines reality and imagination, and while it concerns the reality related to human beings, it pictures that kind of reality whi...

To the degree that citizens have participated in, or derived benefits from, social institutions that have helped cause serious, life-threatening, or rights-threatening environmental injustice (EIJ), this article argues that they have duties either to stop their participation in these institutions or to compensate for it by helping to reform them. (EIJ occurs whenever children, poor people, mino...

My dissertation examines the concept of vernacular translation in the Middle Ages, particularly examining French and Middle English texts. It focuses on a specific genre of literature popular in the Middle Ages but relatively ignored in contemporary literary scholarship: the beast fable. My argument is that some of the principal writers of vernacular fables from the twelfth through the fifteent...

The article will demonstrate how early French pre-universities in the Loire valley began to look at texts written by Roman writers such as Horace, Ovid and Virgil with aim of interpreting explaining text texts, without trying search for ‘hidden meanings’. focus on philological Ovid-commentary William Orléans (c1200), this being a clear example way thinking. This approach classical ‘pagan’ provo...

among french writers, pierre loti was a of rare ones who, because of his position as a navigation officer, traveled around the world and visited many countries and enjoyed other peoples’ customs. mixing his fine and detailed observations of these real travels to his poetic imagination, he wrote unique stories in an agreeable prose. loti is not unknown in iran. though he is generally considered ...