At the micro perspectives, many studies have identified total shipment quantity, wholesale price at previous day, national holiday effect, as the variables affecting the wholesale price level of stored apple. However, the report of production volume effect at a given year on wholesale price level from the point of macro perspectives in practice, especially in agricultural industry, has been rel...

Channel rebates and returns policies are common mechanisms for manufacturers to entice retailers to increase their order quantities and sales ultimately. However, when the underlying demand depends on the retail price, it has been known that channel coordination cannot be achieved if only one of these mechanisms is deployed. In this paper, we show that a policy that combines the use of wholesal...

Load serving entities providing electricity to regulated customers have an obligation to serve load that is subject to systematic and random fluctuations at fixed prices. In some jurisdictions like New Jersey, such obligations are auctioned off annually to third parties that commit to serve a fixed percentage of the fluctuating load at a fixed energy price. In either case the entity holding the...

Cooperation between upstream suppliers and downstream manufacturers in technology investment is a popular way to improve production for reducing suppliers’ costs of key components. The cooperation strategies are mainly influenced by manufacturers’ investments wholesale price discount contracts provided suppliers. This paper explores whether supplier should cooperate with two competing accept th...

in this article, we estimate the vertical price transmission through the iranian rice marketing chain by usingmonthly data from march 2000 to february, 2009 and error correction model (ecm).the causality testresults indicate that changes in the producer price clearly led changes in wholesale and retail prices. inproducer-retail and wholesale-retail models, price transmission is asymmetric but i...

Inventory inaccuracies are costly and prevalent in many industries. This paper focuses on the impact of RFID technology adoption on supply chain decisions with shrinkage and misplacement problems in the Internet of Thing (IoT). We assume that the supply chain consists of one supplier and one retailer that sell a single product to the customer. By assuming that demand is uniformly distributed, a...

Abstract: Based on two substitute products, we study the inventory and contract coordination strategy of a three-echelon supply chain, which consists of two suppliers, a manufacturer and a retailer, under supply disruption and stochastic demand. We investigate the channel gross profit model of the centralized supply chain and obtain a unique optimal order quantity. Under a decentralized decisio...

Our main objective is to investigate the influence of the bargaining power within a chain on its industry. As a building block, we first discuss the implications of bargaining within a single chain by considering an asymmetric Nash bargaining on the wholesale price (BW). We show that both Manufacturer Stackelberg (MS) and VI strategies are special cases of the BW contract. We then develop the N...

The allocation of inventory ownership affects the inventory availability in a supply chain, which in turn determines the supply chain performance. In this paper, we consider a supplier-retailer supply chain in which the supplier starts production well in advance of the selling season, and the retailer is offered two ordering opportunities at different points in time. An early order is allowed b...

We investigate a model in which monopoly supplier distributes two types of its product through traditional retailer with wholesale price contract and an online agency contract. Because such eliminates the double marginalization problem, has cost advantage over retailer. Given retailer, we also consider possible request by retailer: retail is not smaller than for obtain following results. An inc...