Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a severe drug induced type IV hypersensitivity syndrome that can be caused by anticonvulsant drugs, especially the aromatic anticonvulsants such as phenytoin. Most patients with brain metastasis receive whole brain radiotherapy along with anti-edema measures and anticonvulsants either as prophylactic or for symptom control; phenytoin being the most commonly u...

Conventional radiotherapy in the form of whole brain radiation treatment has been a longstanding treatment for brain metastases, and it continues to provide effective palliation as monotherapy and in combination with local and systemic treatments. Advances in systemic therapy have improved survival with metastatic disease, and in those patients with better prognostic factors, more aggressive lo...

Disseminated metastatic disease, including brain metastases, is commonly encountered in malignant melanoma. The classical treatment approach for melanoma brain metastases has been neurosurgical resection followed by whole brain radiotherapy. Traditionally, if lesions were either too numerous or surgical intervention would cause substantial neurologic deficits, patients were either treated with ...

Brain metastases (BMs) usually develop in patients with non‑small cell lung cancer. In addition to systemic therapy, radiation therapy and surgery, anti‑programmed death‑ligand 1 (PD‑L1) is another promising clinical anticancer treatment modality. However, the optimal timing drug‑drug interactions of anti‑PD‑L1 other combined treatments remain be elucidated. Treatment associated an increased ri...