In the present study, heat transfer and entropy analysis for flow through a pipe system is considered. The Reynolds number and the pipe wall temperature effects on entropy distribution and total entropy generation in the pipe are investigated. Numerical scheme employing a control volume approach is introduced when solving the governing equations. Steel is selected as pipe material, while water ...

Rural water networks in the developing world are typically branched networks with a single water source. The main design decision to be made for such networks is the choice of pipe diameters from a discrete set of commercially available pipe diameters. Larger the pipe diameters, better the service (pressure), but higher is the capital cost. In general, each link (connection between two nodes) i...

Active control of water losses is an essential strategy to increase the efficiency of urban water supply systems. This work deals with the early detection of leaks occurring in small-diameter service pipes of water distribution networks. Preliminary experiments were conducted in a test facility to assess the sensitivity of Acoustic Emission methods to leaking water flows. Acoustic Emission meas...

In water distribution systems containing PVC pipe manufactured in the ‘‘early era’’ ~prior to 1977!, vinyl chloride can leach into drinking water resulting in vinyl chloride concentrations exceeding the 2 mg•L maximum contaminant level. Field testing of dead-end segments of water distribution systems consisting of early-era PVC pipe was conducted to examine their initial intrapipe vinyl chlorid...

A water distribution network is one of the important parts of infrastructure systems. The efficient management and proactive planning of capital investment of these assets are fundamental for efficient and effective service delivered by water companies. The direct economic costs (i.e. rehabilitation investment, repair costs, water loss, etc.) as well as indirect costs (i.e. service and traffic ...

background: identifying the pattern of tobacco use and its related factors in employees is crucial. this study aimed to investigate the pattern of tobacco use and its related factors in employees of kermanshah province, iran. methods: in 2012, 7129 employees were investigated in a cross‑sectional study using the census method. data on tobacco use and on several chronic diseases obtained using a...

The drinking water distribution network represents a major proportion of the investments and capital assets of a water utility. Consequently, qualified insight into future replacement needs provides water utilities with a foundation for financial planning. This insight would allow responsible engineers to choose the right projects (pipes and pipe systems) for replacement. Currently, support for...

A numerical investigation is carried out to investigate the transitional flow behaviour of nanofluids flow in an inclined pipe using both single and multi-phase models. Two different nanofluids are considered, and these are Al2O3–water and TiO2–water nanofluids. Moreover, SST κ − ω transitional model is implemented to study the nanofluids flow in inclined pipe. Gravitational force is also adopt...

This study utilizes silver nano-fluid filled flat heat pipe. It is aimed at effect of various concentrations on flat heat pipe thermal performance by air-cooling testing equipment. The particles used in these experiments were silver particles 35 nm in size. The base working fluid was pure-water. Nano-fluids were prepared using a two-step method. In the experiment, the thickness and length of th...

A biofilm is a collection of organic and inorganic, living and dead material collected on a surface. It may be a complete film, or, more commonly in water systems, it is a small patch on a pipe surface. Biofilms in drinking-water pipe networks can be responsible for a wide range of water quality and operational problems. Biofilms contribute to loss of distribution system disinfectant residuals,...