X inactivation results in inactivation of one X chromosome to compensate for gene dosage differences between mammalian females and males. It requires the X-inactivation center (Xic) and Xist in cis. We report that introducing 450 kb of murine Xic/Xist sequences onto autosomes activates female dosage compensation in male ES cells. Xist is induced upon differentiation and can be expressed from bo...

foot and mouth disease (fmd) is the most contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, causingsignificant economical losses in livestock animals. in this study fmd virus type a87/irn was cultured andmultiplied on bhk21 cells. the fmd virus was titrated by the tissue culture infection dose50 method(tcid50 /ml), the virus titration was 107.5.. the fmd virus samples were irradiated and inactivated ...

background and objectives: pathogen reduction technologies are among methods to eliminate transfusion transmitted infections. mirasol method using riboflavin in combination with ultraviolet rays is one of them. the aims of this study were to investigate the effectiveness of mirasol method to inactivate some model pathogens as well as examination of the sensitivity of plasma proteins after treat...

The tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is an RNA-containing enveloped virus, which poses a major threat to the well-being and health of humans. In this study, we describe an approach to the inactivation of TBEV, which involves the degradation of viral RNA by artificial ribonucleases (aRNases, small organic compounds that exhibit ribonuclease activity in vitro). We demonstrate that the incubat...

Several factors have been investigated which are of significance in the inactivation of PM2, a lipid-containing bacterial virus, by butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Studies of the time dependence of inactivation during exposure to BHT showed that virus killing occurs rapidly, with the majority of the effect taking place in the first 5 min. The degree of inactivation is dependent upon the initial...

Murine norovirus (strain MNV-1), a propagable norovirus, was evaluated for susceptibility to high-pressure processing. Experiments with virus stocks in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium demonstrated that at room temperature (20 degrees C) the virus was inactivated over a pressure range of 350 to 450 MPa, with a 5-min, 450-MPa treatment being sufficient to inactivate 6.85 log(10) PFU of MNV-1. Th...

Formaldehyde (FA) fixation of infectious samples is a well-established protocol in diagnostic electron microscopy of viruses. However, published experimental data that demonstrate virus inactivation by these fixation procedures are lacking. Usually, fixation is performed immediately before the sample preparation for microscopy. The fixation procedure should transform viruses in a non-infectious...

Rapid bedside inactivation of Ebola virus would be a solution for the safety of medical and technical staff, risk containment, sample transport, and high-throughput or rapid diagnostic testing during an outbreak. We show that the commercially available Magna Pure lysis/binding buffer used for nucleic acid extraction inactivates Ebola virus. A rapid bedside inactivation method for nucleic acid t...

One disadvantage of vesicular stomatitis virus G (VSV-G) pseudotyped lentivirus vectors for clinical application is inactivation of the vector by human serum complement. To prevent this, monomethoxypoly(ethylene) glycol was conjugated to a VSV-G-human immunodeficiency virus vector expressing Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase. The modification did not affect transduction efficiency in vitro an...