There is a need to understand how anthropogenic influences affect urban and periurban forest diversity at the regional scale. This study aims to compare urban and periurban tree composition along a geographic gradient, and test hypotheses about species composition and ecological homogeneity. We paired urban forest (UF) data from eight cities across the southeastern US with periurban forest (PF)...

Assessing biodiversity and the spatial structures of forest ecosystems are important for forestry and nature conservation. However, tropical forests of Bangladesh are only sparsely investigated. Here we determined biodiversity (alpha, beta and gamma), spatial species turnover and stand characteristics of one of the few remnant tropical forests in Bangladesh. Two differently protected areas of S...

Most forests are exposed to anthropogenic management activities that affect tree species composition and natural ecosystem processes. Changes in ecosystem processes such as herbivory depend on management intensity, and on regional environmental conditions and species pools. Whereas influences of specific forest management measures have already been addressed for different herbivore taxa on a lo...

The power of tree series transducers of type I and II is studied for IO as well as OI tree series substitution. More precisely, it is shown that the IO tree series transformations of type I (respectively, type II) are characterized by the composition of homomorphism top-down IO tree series transformations with bottom-up (respectively, linear bottom-up) IO tree series transformations. On the oth...

In this paper, we extend the notion of tree language quotients to bottom-up quotients. Instead of computing the residual of a tree language from top to bottom and producing a list of tree languages, we show how to compute a set of k-ary trees, where k is an arbitrary integer. We define the quotient formula for different combinations of tree languages: union, symbol products, compositions, itera...

We present a technique to prevent the construction of intermediate data structures in functional programs, which is based on results from the theory of tree transducers. We rst decompose function deen-itions, which correspond to macro tree transducers, into smaller pieces. Under certain restrictions these pieces can be composed to an attributed tree transducer using a composition result for att...

Diversification of the tree species composition of production forests is a frequently advocated strategy to increase resilience to pests and pathogens; however, there is a lack of a general framework to analyse the impact of economic and biological conditions on the optimal planting strategy in the presence of tree disease. To meet this need we use a novel bioeconomic model to quantitatively as...

Extended multi bottom-up tree transducers are de ned and investigated. They are an extension of multi bottom-up tree transducers by arbitrary, not just shallow, left-hand sides of rules; this includes rules that do not consume input. It is shown that such transducers, even linear ones, can compute all transformations that are computed by linear extended top-down tree transducers, which are a th...