BACKGROUND Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and the subsequent processing of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) by macrophages results in activation of specific T cells, which contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. Oral tolerance induction and the subsequent activation of regulatory T cells may be an adequate therapy for the treatment of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Tolerance ...

Recent evidence suggests that co-stimulation provided by B7 molecules through CTLA-4 is important in establishing peripheral tolerance. In the present study, we examined the kinetics of tolerance induction and T cell differentiation following i.p. administration of myelin basic protein (MBP) Ac1-11 in mice transgenic for a TCR V(beta)8.2 gene derived from an encephalitogenic T cell clone specif...

Diseases due to defect in tolerance induction such as allergy, celiac disease, or Type 1 Diabetes develop mostly in childhood indicating the necessity of early intervention for primary prevention. Epidemiological studies report that breastfeeding could protect from these diseases. However, data are controversial and the mechanisms unclear. Experimental data suggest that breastfeeding-induced pr...

We investigated the effect of feeding extracts of four different legumes (red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), peanut (Arachis hypogaea), soyabean (Glycine max) and pea (Pisum sativum) on the specific immune response against a food protein. Mice were fed ovomucoid and the specific immune response was evaluated. Ovomucoid fed alone resulted in oral tolerance induction measured as both a reduced...

Many studies of specific T-cell tolerance involving the use of small well-defined contact allergens are complicated by the unknown role of autologous protein determinants resulting from in situ conjugation (1-4) . Similarly, the multiplicity of determinants present during tolerance induction with foreign proteins hinders suitable analysis of the roles played by different determinants and degrad...

Stress tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was examined after exposure to heat and salt shock in the presence or absence of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. Cells heat-shocked (37 degrees C for 45 min) in the absence of cycloheximide demonstrated increased tolerance of heat, freezing and salt stress. For cells heat-shocked in the presence of cycloheximide, heat and salt toleranc...

Under defined conditions, papain removes IgD from cells while leaving IgM, H-2, Ia, Lyb-2, and complement receptor intact. The effect of such treatment with papain on the induction of tolerance in murine splenic B cells was determined in an in vitro system. Treatment of the cells with papain has no effect on subsequent antibody responsiveness presumably because surface receptors regenerate befo...

Oral tolerance induction is a key feature of intestinal immunity, generating systemic nonresponsiveness to ingested antigens. In this study, we report that orally applied soluble antigens are exclusively recognized in the intestinal immune system, particularly in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Consequently, the initiation of oral tolerance is impeded by mesenteric lymphadenectomy. Small bowel tran...