The influence of reference is a critical issue for the electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) studies. However, previous investigations concentrated less on the location of source at a systematic neuroscience level. Our goal was to examine the EEG signal associated with the locations from a common network parcellation of the human brain function, offering a system pers...

While numerous reference electrodes suitable for aqueous electrolytes exist, there is no well-defined standard non-aqueous electrolytes. Furthermore, are often large and do not meet the size requirements small cells. In this work, we present a simple method fabricating stable 3D-printed micro-reference electrodes. The prints made from polyvinylidene fluoride, which chemically inert in strong ac...

Since its invention (more than 80 years ago), modern electrocardiography has employed a supposedly stable voltage reference (with little variation during the cardiac cycle) for half of the signals. This reference, known by the name of "Wilson Central Terminal" in honor of its inventor, is obtained by averaging the three active limb electrode voltages measured with respect to the return ground e...

High-density electrocortical (ECoG) microelectrode arrays are promising signal-acquisition platforms for brain-computer interfaces envisioned, e.g., as high-performance communication solutions for paralyzed persons. We propose a multi-channel microelectrode array capable of recording ECoG field potentials with high spatial resolution. The proposed array is of a 150 mm2 total recording area; it ...

An in vitro model was developed to characterise the electrical properties of silicon microfabricated recording electrodes, using a Cu-wire mimicing a neural signal source. Phosphorous doped electrodes were used to achieve an all silicon device. The model was used to study signal amplitude as a function of distance between the electrode surface and the signal source. Signal crosstalk to neighbou...

In this paper we demonstrate the fabrication and electrochemical characterization of a microchip with 12 identical but individually addressable electrochemical measuring sites, each consisting of a set of interdigitated electrodes acting as a working electrode as well as two circular electrodes functioning as a counter and reference electrode in close proximity. The electrodes are made of gold ...

Ag/AgCl reference electrodes fabricated from pulled quartz tubes with orifice radii of 20 nm to 20 μm were characterized in KCl solutions of different concentrations by cyclic voltammetry. Linear current-voltage (i-V) dependence was observed with micropipet electrodes (with micrometer-sized tips) with the same concentration (0.01-1 M) of KCl inside and outside the pipet, but current rectificati...

A prototype miniature array of polymer membrane and solid state ion selective electrodes was developed for the purpose of performing an in-situ analysis of the soluble ionic species in Martian regolith (soil). The array contains a total of 27 electrodes for Kþ, Naþ, Ca2þ, Mg2þ, NH4 , Ba 2þ, NO 3 , Cl , and Liþ, each in triplicate. Barium electrodes were used to indirectly monitor sulfate throug...

The potentiometric response of electrodes is described, including: (1) Nernstian response to activity change due to an altered concentration of the analyte ion, and (2) Nernstian response to activity change caused by different solvents. In order to ensure the reliability of the data obtained in this study, the following three steps were taken: (i) a comparison of electrode potentials between a ...

We have studied the long and short term stability of electrolytic Ag/AgCl electrodes fabricated from Ag wire that has been subjected to a range of different annealing conditions. At elevated temperatures, the presence of oxygen during the annealing process has been shown to be detrimental to the performance of electrodes produced. This phenomenon has been attributed to the dissolution of oxygen...