SALT STRESS SIGNALING AND MECHANISMS OF PLANT SALT TOLERANCE Viswanathan Chinnusamy and Jian-Kang Zhu 1, Water Technology Centre, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi – 110012, India; 2, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Reverside, California 92521, USA For correspondence: Email: [email protected]; fa...

struggles would transform the world during the twentieth century. Instead, it turned out to be the age of ethnonationalist conflicts. Wars fought in the name of national liberation or ethnic autonomy comprise only one fifth of the wars between the Congress of Vienna (1814) and the Treaty of Versailles (1919). From Versailles to 2001, however, the share of ethnonationalist wars rose to 45 percen...

The literature on civil wars is extensive and growing. Past studies have focused on a series of questions, most notably: what are the causes of civil wars, why do some conflicts last longer than others, what causes civil wars to end, and finally why do some civil wars recur, at times repeatedly? In answering these questions, previous studies have treated each of these problems as discrete and i...

While books and articles on Australia’s war history occasionally discuss the jingoistic portrayal of the German ‘enemy within’ and overseas in the Australian press in WW1, they rarely mention depictions of the German enemy in the visual media. This paper investigates the portrayal of Germans in Australian posters produced during WW1 and WW2. It argues that Germany was depicted as a threat to Au...

survival such as GVHD and leukemia risk group. Elmaagacli and colleagues propose several explanations for these results (see figure). First, myeloid cells are a reservoir for CMV. It is possible that viral reactivation in AML blasts makes them a target for subsequent attack by virus-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). Alternatively, CMV reactivation in AML cells may up-regulate leukocyte fixatio...

In October 2014, an Antares rocket blasted off from a NASA launch pad on one of Virginia’s barrier islands, and exploded seconds later. In addition to about 5,000 pounds of food and equipment destined for the International Space Station, the doomed rocket was carrying 26 miniature satellites called CubeSats, one of which housed physicist Alexander Ling’s experiment. “We thought, ‘oh, that’s it,...

Abstract: Although military cooperation among rebel groups in multi-party civil wars could help rebels defeat or extract concessions from an incumbent government, violent conflict among rebel groups is empirically prevalent. Why do rebel groups in multi-actor civil wars choose to fight one another? This paper models the strategic dilemma facing rebel groups in multi-party civil wars as an alter...