We conducted preference assessments with 4 typically developing children to identify potential reinforcers and assessed the reinforcing efficacy of those stimuli. Next, we tested two predictions of economic theory: that overall consumption (reinforcers obtained) would decrease as the unit price (response requirement per reinforcer) increased and that the cost and benefit components that defined...

The purpose of this study is to optimize the stock price forecasting model with meta-innovation method in pharmaceutical companies.In this research, stock portfolio optimization has been done in two separate phases.The first phase is related to forecasting stock futures based on past stock information, which is forecasting the stock price using artificial neural network.The neural network used ...

Should the regime-switching risk be priced? This is perhaps one of the important “normative” issues to be addressed in pricing contingent claims under a Markovian, regime-switching, BlackScholes-Merton model. We address this issue using a minimal relative entropy approach. Firstly, we apply a martingale representation for a double martingale to characterize the canonical space of equivalent mar...

Derivatives are alternative financial instruments which extend traders opportunities to achieve some financial goals. They are risk management instruments that are related to a data in the future, and also they react to uncertain prices. Study on pricing futures can provide useful tools to understand the stochastic behavior of prices to manage the risk of price volatility. Thus, this study eval...

This article briefly explores the nature of price risk faced by Australian broad acre farmers and outlines some farm management ramifications of price risk. The article describes the variation in price risk across time and across commodities. The underlying distributional form of prices faced by farmers is shown to have important ramifications for farm management. The likelihood of increases in...

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This research paper investigates whether ICE futures contracts are an effective and affordable strategy to manage price risk for Canadian commodity producers in recent periods of high price volatility. Long memory in volatility is found to be present in cash and futures prices for canola and western barley. This finding is incorporated into the hedging strategy by estimating hedge ratios using ...

Six hens pecked a key (Experiment 1) or pushed a door (Experiment 2) to obtain food reinforcement. In both experiments and as an analogue of price changes, the response requirements were varied in two ways: by increasing the number of responses required and by increasing the required force of each response. The two price manipulations (response number and response force) had different effects o...