Extinction in adult animals, including humans, appears to involve the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). However, the role of mPFC in extinction across development has not yet been studied. Given several recent demonstrations of developmental differences in extinction of conditioned fear at a behavioral level, different neural circuitries may mediate fear extinction across development. In all exp...

To investigate the molecular changes that allow influenza B viruses to adapt to new mammalian hosts, influenza B/Florida/04/2006 was serially passaged in BALB/c mice until highly virulent. The viral factors underlying this transition were then investigated in mice and ferrets. Five viruses, including the wild-type virus (P0), three intermediate viruses (P5, P9, and P12), and a lethal mouse-adap...

PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of metformin on vascular changes in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) in mouse, and to elucidate the possible underlying mechanism. METHODS OIR mice were treated with metformin by intraperitoneal injection from postnatal day 12 (P12) to P17 or P21. At P17 and P21, vessel formation and avascular areas were assessed using retinal flat mounts. Levels of vascular end...

Objective: To investigate the role of Notch1-Dll4 signaling pathway in the retinal neovascularization of oxygen-induced retinopathy mouse model. Methods: Thirty C57BL/6J mouse pups in experimental group were exposed to (75 ± 2)% oxygen for 5 d and then returned to room air. Another 30 mice in control group were subjected to room air. The expression of retinal Dll4, vascular endothelial growth f...

HIV-1 infection is associated with increased risk for B-cell lymphomas. How HIV infection promotes the development of lymphoma is unclear, but it may involve chronic B-cell activation, inflammation, and/or impaired immunity, possibly leading to a loss of control of oncogenic viruses and reduced tumor immunosurveillance. We hypothesized that HIV structural proteins may contribute to lymphomagene...

s from AIDS Vaccine 2008. Cape Town, South Africa. October 13-16, 2008. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, 2008. 24Suppl 1: p. 3-162. P17-01

In the cellular immune response, recognition by CTL-TCRs of viral antigens presented as peptides by HLA class I molecules, triggers destruction of the virally infected cell (Townsend, A.R.M., J. Rothbard, F.M. Gotch, G. Bahadur, D. Wraith, and A.J. McMichael. 1986. Cell. 44:959-968). Altered peptide ligands (APLs) which antagonise CTL recognition of infected cells have been reported (Jameson, S...

The diversity of the rhizosphere arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community is a crucial factor affecting root-soil interaction. They can absorb carbohydrates from host body and return nutrient elements soil to host. Using 15 Chinese fir ( Cunninghamia lanceolata Lamb. Hook.) clones, AMF richness, abundance structure in “Root system-Rhizosphere soil-Bulk soil” were obtained by Real-time quant...