People can access information about choices in at least two ways: via summary descriptions that provide an overview of potential outcomes and their likelihood of occurrence or via sequential presentation of outcomes. Provided with the former, people make decisions from description; with the latter, they make decisions from experience. Recent investigations involving risky choices have demonstra...

A proposed model of information processing generates a prediction about the constrainedoptimal stochastic choice that is robust to details of the feasible information structures. A decision-maker processes payoff-relevant information until she reaches her cognitive constraint, at which point she either terminates the decision process and chooses an action, or restarts the process. By conditioni...

Obesity is a chronic, metabolic disease of complex and multiple causes leading to an imbalance between energy intake and output, and to the accumulation of large amounts of body fat. It is caused by inherited as well as acquired factors, including excessive food intake, sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy eating habits. During the past 20 years, obesity among adults has risen significantly with u...

Emotional states such as sadness, anger, and threat have been shown to play a critical role in decision-making processes. Here we addressed the question of whether risk preferences are influenced by postural threat and whether this influence generalizes across motor tasks. We examined risk attitudes in the context of arm-reaching (ARM) and whole-body (WB) leaning movements, expecting that incre...

The gradual accumulation of sensory evidence is a crucial component of perceptual decision making, but its neural mechanisms are still poorly understood. Given the wide availability of genetic and optical tools for mice, they can be useful model organisms for the study of these phenomena; however, behavioral tools are largely lacking. Here, we describe a new evidence-accumulation task for head-...

Over the past few decades, economists and psychologists have accumulated a large body of experimental evidence on attitudes to risk. This evidence reveals that, when people make decisions under risk, they often depart from the predictions of expected utility. In an effort to capture the experimental data more accurately, researchers have developed a number of so-called nonexpected utility model...

Background: It is necessary to get information on nutrition situation in children and epidemiology of the malnutrition to use for planning and health policy making, therefore this study aimed to identify the role of human development on nutrition situation in children under-five years of old worldwide.Methods: This ecological study was performed on the relation of the nutrition situation of chi...

23 the advection problem. Experiments with the incompressible Navier Stokes equations for ows with closed streamlines need to be performed, employing distributive Gauss-Seidel relaxation, as shown in 4]. These will no doubt raise further questions. It is anticipated that the techniques investigated here will carry over to three dimensions, although the implementation will be considerably more c...

When people have access to information sources such as newspaper weather forecasts, drug-package inserts, and mutual-fund brochures, all of which provide convenient descriptions of risky prospects, they can make decisions from description. When people must decide whether to back up their computer’s hard drive, cross a busy street, or go out on a date, however, they typically do not have any sum...

OBJECTIVE Malnutrition is common after oesophageal cancer surgery. This study aims to investigate body mass index (BMI) kinetics and the risk factors of malnutrition among 1-year disease-free survivors after radical transthoracic oesophagectomy for cancer. METHODS From a prospective single-institution database, 118 1-year disease-free survivors having undergone a R0 transthoracic oesophagecto...