This article examines the treatment of prostitution in several genres of Ottoman legal writing—manuals and commentaries of Islamic jurisprudence, fatwās (legal opinions) and ḳānūnnāmes (Sultanic legislation)—and looks at how prostitution was dealt with in practice by the empire’s sharīʿa courts and by its provincial executive authorities. The article uses prostitution as a case study to investi...

Abstract The relations between the Islamic empires of early modern period—the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals—have long been subject research, as have links each them Europe. present paper adopts a different approach, addressing Central Eastern Europe part single geopolitical continuum. This is done by focusing on events late 1630s—the Safavid-Mughal conflict over Kandahar Ottoman-Safavid Treat...

The fourteenth century of the Christian period was a time significant transition. social and political environment undergoing changes. Strong, centralized empires were erected in east, while middle classes west started to seek obtain part government. Islamic control thrived during this period, bringing people from all over globe together via trade business. There such powerful as Mongols, Ottom...

In the recent Greek ages the most devastating epidemics were plague, smallpox, leprosy and cholera. In 1816 plague struck the Ionian and Aegean Islands, mainland Greece, Constantinople and Smyrna. The Venetians ruling the Ionian Islands effectively combated plague in contrast to the Ottomans ruling all other regions. In 1922, plague appeared in Patras refugees who were expelled by the Turks fro...

The impact of the Mongol invasions of the Middle East has been the subject of extensive research, especially in the last few decades. Scholars have evaluated the damage and the benefits brought by the Mongols to the Islamic world in different fields such as the military, religion, politics, economy and culture. Despite this, in the case of Anatolia, the Mongol period is still under-studied when...