An anomaly of interest to both the anatomist and historian of medicine was noted in the course of dissection of the cadaver of a 77-year-old white male. No abducens nerve existed on the right side. Careful examination of both the brain stem and the ocular muscles revealed that in its stead, two distinct branches of the oculomotor nerve supplied the right lateral rectus muscle. When discussing t...

The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics and distributions of neuronal origin of cerebellar afferents from motor cranial nerve nuclei innervating extraocular muscles by the method of retrograde transport of two fluorescence tracers in rats. Under deep anesthesia and aseptic conditions, 5 microl of 3% solution of Fluoro-Gold (FG) in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) was i...

Fourteen extraocular eye muscles are described in the decapods Loligo and Sepioteuthis, and thirteen in Sepia; they are supplied by four eye muscle nerves. The main action of most of the muscles is a linear movement of the eyeball, only three muscles produce strong rotations. The arrangement, innervation and action of the decapod eye muscles are compared with those of the seven eye muscles and ...

Disorders of ocular motility are encountered on a regular basis within ophthalmic practice. They include a wide variety of conditions from non-paralytic strabismus commonly seen in paediatric clinics to acquired restrictive and paralytic conditions, which may be indicative of more serious underlying pathology. For an accurate diagnosis to be made an understanding of the basic mechanisms involve...

One-dimensional models of oculomotor control rely on the fact that, when rotations around only one axis are considered, angular velocity is the derivative of orientation. However, when rotations around arbitrary axes [3-dimensional (3-D) rotations] are considered, this property does not hold, because 3-D rotations are noncommutative. The noncommutativity of rotations has prompted a long debate ...

There are many causes for variation in the responses of the motor apparatus to neural commands. Fast-timescale disturbances occur when muscles fatigue. Slow-timescale disturbances occur when muscles are damaged or when limb dynamics change as a result of development. To maintain performance, motor commands need to adapt. Computing the best adaptation in response to any performance error results...

PURPOSE To compare the results of two different surgical techniques: 'Cüppers technique', in which the torque of oculomotor rectus muscles is reduced by suturing the muscle to the globe in the posterior half of the globe; and 'Y-split recessions', in which the muscle torque is reduced by Y-splitting the rectus muscles, and reattaching the two halves at an angle to each other. METHODS We carri...

PURPOSE To quantitate the distribution of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms along the global and orbital layers of dog rectus muscles and determine MyHC and myosin light chain (MLC) isoform patterns among single fibers from both layers. METHODS Serial samples of both layers of rectus muscles were prepared for gel electrophoresis. Relative amounts of each MyHC isoform in each sample were dete...

To cite: Vasavada A, Parekh P, Agrawal N, et al. BMJ Case Rep Published online: [please include Day Month Year] doi:10.1136/ bcr-2013-201826 DESCRIPTION We report a rare case of isolated unilateral partial oculomotor nerve palsy in an elderly woman a day after radial angioplasty presenting with diplopia and ptosis. A 65-year-old woman with diabetes and hypertension presented with the acute onse...

Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders are a group of diseases caused by abnormal development of cranial nerve nuclei or their axonal connections, resulting in aberrant innervation of the ocular and facial musculature. Its diagnosis could be facilitated by the development of high resolution thin-section magnetic resonance imaging. The purpose of this review is to describe the method to vis...