This paper raises the empirical point that modal subordination is not always obligatory, and that moreover, this is a point of lexical variation. Some modals, like will, which I call definite modals, undergo modal subordination obligatorily, and some, like gonna, which I call nondefinite modals, do so optionally. I propose a dynamic framework in which, following from Frank (1997), information s...

This paper studies some normative relations that hold between actions, their preconditions and effects, with particular attention to connecting what are often called ‘ought be’ norms do’ norms. We use a formal model based on form of transition system ‘coloured labelled system’ (coloured LTS) introduced in series papers by Sergot Craven. Those works have variously presented formalism (an ‘action...

obligation on observance of the right to education in islamic law and human rights law   yagoob salamati [1] masud akhavanfard (ph.d.) [2] hossein talegani (ph.d.) [3]   abstract education right is of primary human rights that is free from time, space, and issues like gender, language, ethnicity, religion that should be provided to all until their death. in islamic law, education right is meant...

Abstract This study focuses on nominal pluralization in Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT). The aim is to offer a comprehensive description processes language, based both corpus data and elicited data, taking into account potential phonological restrictions. results reveal that NGT nouns can undergo several processes, main ones being simple reduplication (i.e., repeating noun sign at one lo...

We explore the performance of two dependency parsing approaches, the rulebased WCDG approach (Foth and Menzel 2006) and the data-driven dependency parser MaltParser (Nivre et al. 2007) on texts written by language learners. We show that WCDG outperforms MaltParser in identifying the main functorargument relations, whereas MaltParser is more successful than WCDG in establishing optional, adjunct...

One of the most influential views on the hippocampal function suggests that this brain region is critically involved in relational memory processing, that is, binding converging inputs to mediate the representation of relationships among the constituents of episodes. It has been proposed that this binding is automatic and obligatory during learning and remembering In addition, neuroimaging stud...

In this paper, we present some preliminary observations on the syntactic analysis of copular constructions in LFG. We suggest several conclusions and directions for future research. First, the open analysis is appropriate for some copular constructions but not for others, even within the same language. Second, the same construction can be open in some languages and closed in others. Third, we c...